Financing Sustainable Health Coverage and the Regulation of Online Pharmacies in Nigeria

Adje, D. U., & Oli, A. N. (2013). Community pharmacy in Warri, Nigeria: a survey of practice details. Sch Acad J Pharm SAJP, 2(5), 391-7. Aguwa, C. N., Ukwe, C. V. & Ekwunife, O. I. (2008). Effect of pharmaceutical care programme on blood pressure and quality of life in a Nigerian pharmacy. Pharmacy World & Science, 30, 107-110. Ahmed, N., & Saeed, A. (2020) Pharmacists knowledge and contribution during coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic in Sudan, Matrix Science Medica;531. Alo, A. (2016). Pharmacy in Nigeria. Am J Health-System in Pharmacy; 63,670–3. Bessen, J. (2008). The value of US patents by owner and patent characteristics. Research Policy, 37(5), 932-945. Cicero, T. J, Shores C. N, Paradis A. G & Ellis, M. S. (2008). Source of drugs for prescription opioid analgesic abusers: a role for the Internet? Pain Med. 9(6),718–23. Corey, C. G & Tu, H.T.. (2008). State prescription drug price Web sites: How useful to consumers? Center for Studying Health System Change. Crawford, S. Y. (2003). Internet pharmacy: issues of access, quality, costs, and regulation. Journal of Medical Systems, 27, 57-65. Dorsey E. R., & Topol, E. J. (2016). State of telehealth. N e w En g l a n d J o u r n a l o f M e d i c i n e 3 7 5 ( 2 ) : 1 5 4 – 1 6 1. Ekpedeme, N., Arit, U., Olajide, A., & Enitome, B. (2019). Consumer and Community Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Online Pharmacy Services in Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria. Innovations in Pharmacy, 10(3), 29-38. Fittler, A., Bosze, G.,& Botz, L. (2013). Evaluating aspects of online medication safety in long- term follow-up of 136 Internet pharmacies: Illegal rogue online pharmacies flourish and are long-lived. J Med Internet Res. 15(9), 199-209. Fox, N., Ward, K., & O’Rourke, A. (2005). The birth of the e-clinic: Continuity or transformation in the UK governance of pharmaceutical consumption? Social Science & Medicine, 61(7), 1474-1484. Fung, C. H., Woo, H. E., & Asch, S. M. (2004). Controversies and legal issues of prescribing and dispensing medications using the Internet. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 79(2), 188-194. Gabay, M. (2015). Regulation of Internet Pharmacies: A Continuing Challenge. Hospital Pharmacy, 50(8), 681–682. Gondim, A. P. S., & Falcão, C. B. (2007). Evaluation of Brazilian online pharmacies. Revista de Saúde Pública, 41, 297-300. Leal, P. M. M. (2010). Evolution in public procurement and the impact of e-procurement platforms: a case study (Doctoral dissertation, NSBE-UNL). Lezotre, P. L. (2014). State of play and review of major cooperation initiatives. International cooperation, convergence and harmonization of pharmaceutical regulations, 7. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800053-3.00002-1 Mackey, T. K., & Liang, B. A. (2014). Digital iatrogenesis: Policy advocacy to prevent patient harm from access to dangerous drugs online. Harvard Health Policy Review, 14, 11-13. Mackey, T. K., & Nayyar, G. (2016). Digital danger: A review of the global public health, patient safety and cybersecurity threats posed by illicit online pharmacies. British Medical Bulletin, 118(1), 110–126. Mäkinen, M. M., Rautava, P. T., & Forsström, J. J. (2005). Do online pharmacies fit European internal markets? Health Policy, 72(2), 245-252. Montoya, I. D., & Jano, E. (2007). Online pharmacies: Safety and regulatory considerations. International Journal of Health Services, 37(2), 279-289. Mora, A. T. (2014). The lizard shape: Model in drug distribution in Nigeria. Zaria: Woodpecker Communication Services, 72(2), 245-252. Mwencha, P. (2016). E-commerce sub-sector assessment report for Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Thesis). National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC). (2019). Guidelines for the Establishment and Operation of Internet Pharmacy in Nigeria. Retrieved from https://www.nafdac.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Guidelines-for-the- Establishment-and-Operation-of-Internet-Pharmacy-in-Nigeria-1.pdf. Ogundele, O. J., Fadel, S., Braitstein, P. & Di Ruggiero, E. (2021). Protocol: Health actor approaches to financing universal coverage strategies for pneumococcal and rotavirus immunisation programmes in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open, 11(12). Oliver, A. J. (2000). Internet pharmacies: regulation of a growing industry. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 28(1), 98-101. Orizio, G., Merla, A., Schulz, P. J., & Gelatti, U. (2011). Quality of online pharmacies and websites selling prescription drugs: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13(3), e74. Orizio, G., Rubinelli, S., Schulz, P. J., Domenighini, S., Bressanelli, M., Caimi, L., & Gelatti, U. (2010). "Save 30% if you buy today." Online pharmacies and the enhancement of peripheral thinking in consumers. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 19(9), 970– Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (2009). The 4-part compendium of minimum standards for the assurance of pharmaceutical care in Nigeria Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (2020). Online Pharmacy Regulations, 2020. Accessed from Online-Pharmacy-Gazette-2020.pdf (pcn.gov.ng) Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN). (2019). Guidelines for the Establishment and Operation of E-Pharmacy in Nigeria. Retrieved from https://www.pcn.gov.ng/wp- content/uploads/2019/12/Guidelines-for-the-Establishment-and-Operation-of-E- Pharmacy-in-Nigeria.pdf. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB). (2009). Professional Standards and Guidance for Internet Pharmacy Services. [Available online via http://ntdd2060.fm.netbenefit.co.uk/pdfs/coepsgintpharm.pdf] Seeberg- Elverfeldt, N. J. (2009). Mail-order trade in medicines in Europe - A guide for legislators to protect consumers. European Journal of Health Law, 16(4), 351-366.. Shah, N.H. (2010). Internet Medicines Sales: Safety and regulation. A Narrative Literature Review,Retrievedfrom<http://s3.amazonawa.com/academia.edu.documents/33563071/sal es of medicines over the internet Vecchione, A. (2016). Connected: Telepharmacy unites the team. Drug Topics: Voice of the Pharmacist. North Olmsted, OH: Modern Medicine Network. Website Internet drug outlet identification program http://www.nabp.net/programs/assets/NABP%20Internet%20Drug%20Outlet%20Report _April%202012_final.pdf. World Health Organization (2010) Telemedicine: Opportunities and Developments in Member States: Report on the Second Global Survey on eHealth. World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/.../44497 World Health Organization. (2011). Safety and security on the Internet: Challenges and Advances in Member States. WHO Global Observatory for eHealth series – Volume 4, 5. Ye?eno?lu, S. (2012). An evaluation of the community pharmacy web sites before and after the online pharmacy prohibition. Hacettepe University Journal of the faculty of Pharmacy, (2), 109-118. Zunk, B., Marchner, M., Uitz, I., Lerch, C. & Schiele, H. (2014). The Role of E-Procurement in the Austrian Construction Industry: Adoption Rate, Benefits and Barriers. International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 5(1), 13–21. APPENDICES Appendix 1: Observation guide employed in the study (A) Evidence of online pharmacy practice in Nigeria S/N KEYWORDS SEARCHED ON THE SEARCH ENGINES 1 Online pharmacy in Nigeria 2 Online pharmacy practice in each state in Nigeria 3 Evidence of presence of active website by each online pharmacy in Nigeria (B) Evidence of regulation of online pharmacies S/N VARIABLES 1 Online pharmacies observed compared to the PCN list of registered pharmacies 2