References
Adepoju, O. T., & Adejoh, S. O. (2021). Effect of whole grains on glycemic control among Nigerian adults with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 18(3), 45-56. Adebayo, K. O., et al. (2020). Legumes and their impact on metabolic health: A Nigerian perspective. African Journal of Food Science, 12(4), 112-124. Ajani, E. O., et al. (2018). Dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids and their role in cardiovascular health. Nigerian Journal of Cardiology, 6(2), 78-89. Chukwuonye, I. I., et al. (2018). The burden of metabolic disorders in Nigeria: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 499. Ogunleye, A. A., et al. (2019). Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and obesity risk in Nigerian adults. Journal of Public Health Research, 7(3), 189-202. Olowe, F. A., et al. (2021). Effect of sodium-rich diets on hypertension prevalence in Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine, 38(1), 12-19. Adebiyi, A. O., et al. (2020). Adapting the DASH diet to Nigerian dietary patterns for hypertension management. Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 15(2), 205-216. Okafor, C. N., et al. (2019). Mediterranean diet principles and their application to Nigerian cuisine. African Journal of Nutritional Studies, 14(4), 250-265. Ogunbode, A. M., et al. (2022). Government policies and their impact on nutritional health in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Policy Studies, 10(1), 88-104. Adedoyin, R. A., Afolabi, A., Adegoke, O. O., Akintomide, A. O., & Awotidebe, T. O. (2013). Relationship between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome among Nigerian adults. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews, 7(2), 91–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2013.02.014 Adegoke, O. A., Adedoyin, R. A., Balogun, M. O., Adebayo, R. A., Bisiriyu, L. A., & Salawu, A. A. (2009). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a rural community in Nigeria. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 8(1), 59–62. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2009.0037 Adejumo, E., Ogundahunsi, O., Adejumo, O., Sotunsa, J., & Jagun, O. (2017). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a rural and urban community in South-West Nigeria using three different definitions. International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 24(2), 1– https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2017/33993 Akhlaghi, M. (2019). Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH): potential mechanisms of action against risk factors of the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition Research Reviews, 33(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954422419000155 Akkol, E. K., & Aschner, M. (2022). An overview on metabolic disorders and current therapy. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 3–33). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-824356-5.00004-7 Alamnia, T. T., Sargent, G. M., & Kelly, M. (2023). Dietary patterns and associations with metabolic risk factors for non-communicable disease. Scientific Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47548-0 Allen, L., Williams, J., Townsend, N., Mikkelsen, B., Roberts, N., Foster, C., & Wickramasinghe, K. (2017). Socioeconomic status and non-communicable disease behavioural risk factors in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. The Lancet Global Health, 5(3), e277–e289. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30058-x Al-Qawasmeh, R. H., & Tayyem, R. F. (2018). Dietary and Lifestyle Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome: Literature review. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal, 6(3), 594–608. https://doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.6.3.03 Amadi, C. E., Mbakwem, A. C., Duro, D. C., Udenze, I. C., Akinsola, C. M., Ajuluchukwu, J. N., & Oke, D. a. W. (2022). Prevalence, patterns and predictors of metabolic abnormalities in Nigerian hypertensives with hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype: A cross sectional study. PLOS Global Public Health, 2(12), e0001203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001203 Barnett, A., Martino, E., Knibbs, L. D., Shaw, J. E., Dunstan, D. W., Magliano, D. J., Donaire- Gonzalez, D., & Cerin, E. (2022). The neighbourhood environment and profiles of the metabolic syndrome. Environmental Health, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022- 00894-4 Bhurosy, T., & Jeewon, R. (2014). Overweight and Obesity Epidemic in Developing Countries: A Problem with Diet, Physical Activity, or Socioeconomic Status? The Scientific World JOURNAL, 2014, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/964236 Blanquet, M., Debost-Legrand, A., Gerbaud, L., De La Celle, C., Brigand, A., Mioche, L., Sass, C., Hazart, J., & Aw, A. (2015). Metabolic syndrome and social deprivation: results of a French observational multicentre survey. Family Practice, 33(1), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmv086 Bonnet, F., & Scheen, A. (2016). Understanding and overcoming metformin gastrointestinal intolerance. Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, 19(4), 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12854 Cao, H. (2014). Adipocytokines in obesity and metabolic disease. Journal of Endocrinology, 220(2), T47–T59. https://doi.org/10.1530/joe-13-0339 Chew, N. W. S., Ng, C. H., Jun, D., Tan, H., Mantzoros, C. S., & Sanyal, A. (2023). Clinical and Translational Report The global burden of metabolic disease?: Data from 2000 to 2019 ll Clinical and Translational Report The global burden of metabolic disease?: Data from 2000 to 2019. Cell Metabolism, 35(3), 414-428.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.02.003 Chung, J., Choi, H., Jung, J., & Kong, M. G. (2021). Association between Socioeconomic Status and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. CardioMetabolic Syndrome Journal, 1(2), 168. https://doi.org/10.51789/cmsj.2021.1.e16 Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Martín-Rodríguez, A., Redondo-Flórez, L., López-Mora, C., Yáñez- Sepúlveda, R., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2023). New insights and potential therapeutic interventions in metabolic diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(13), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310672 Cleven, L., Krell-Roesch, J., Schmidt, S. C. E., Dziuba, A., Bös, K., Jekauc, D., & Woll, A. (2022). Longitudinal association between physical activity and the risk of incident metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in Germany. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24052-5 Darbre, P. (2018). Overview of air pollution and endocrine disorders. International Journal of General Medicine, Volume 11, 191–207. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm.s102230 Davies, K. a. B., Sprung, V. S., Norman, J. A., Thompson, A., Mitchell, K. L., Halford, J. C. G., Harrold, J. A., Wilding, J. P. H., Kemp, G. J., & Cuthbertson, D. J. (2018). Short-term decreased physical activity with increased sedentary behaviour causes metabolic derangements and altered body composition: effects in individuals with and without a first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 61(6), 1282–1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4603-5 Franquesa, M., Pujol-Busquets, G., García-Fernández, E., Rico, L., Shamirian-Pulido, L., Aguilar- Martínez, A., Medina, F. X., Serra-Majem, L., & Bach-Faig, A. (2019). Mediterranean Diet and Cardiodiabesity: A Systematic Review through Evidence-Based Answers to Key Clinical Questions. Nutrients, 11(3), 655. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030655 Gallwitz, B. (2016). Novel therapeutic approaches in diabetes. Endocrine Development, 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1159/000439372 Garg, C., Khan, H., Kaur, A., Singh, T. G., Sharma, V. K., & Singh, S. K. (2022). Therapeutic implications of sonic hedgehog pathway in metabolic disorders: Novel target for effective treatment. Pharmacological Research, 179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106194 Goodchild, M., Nargis, N., & D’Espaignet, E. T. (2017). Global economic cost of smoking- attributable diseases. Tobacco Control, 27(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1