References
Akramy, A. (2024). The impacts of English language proficiency on employment opportunities in Afghanistan. American Journal of Science Education Research. Retrieved from Azkiyah, S. N., Rahmawati, Y., Shohibussirri, M., Nisa, Y. F., Sunengsih, N., & Mukminin, A. (2023). English Proficiency as a Predictor of Academic Performance in the Context of Non-English as a Medium of Instruction. PASAA, 65(1), 32-56. Baldauf, W. (2024). English fluency as a catalyst for empowerment and social mobility. Medium. Barkaoui, K. (2025). The relationship between English language proficiency test scores and academic achievement: A longitudinal study of two tests. Language Testing. Baum, S., Cunningham, A., & Tanenbaum, C. (2015). Educational Attainment: Understanding the Data. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 47(3), 6–15. Chinese students live in ghettos as they fail to fit in at university. (2024, December 15). The Times. Cook, V. (2008). Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. Routledge. Cummins, J. (1976). The Influence of Bilingualism on Cognitive Growth: A Synthesis of Research Findings and Explanatory Hypotheses. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 9, 1–43. Cummins, J. (2000). Language, Power, and Pedagogy: Bilingual Children in the Crossfire. Multilingual Matters. Daniels, H. (2016). Vygotsky and Pedagogy. Routledge. Dong, Q., & Yue, X. (2015). Insight from the association between critical thinking and English writing proficiency. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1091. Fakeye, D. O. (2014). English Language Proficiency as a Predictor of Academic Achievement among EFL Students in Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(9), 38-41. Gándara, P. (2011). The impact of English-only instructional policies on English learners. Colorín Colorado. Gertner, Y., Rice, M., & Hadley, P. (1994). Early language milestones predict later academic achievement. Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 483–492. Hsieh, J. P., & Miao, L. (2020). Non-native English speakers’ experiences in academic settings: A study on challenges and coping strategies. Journal of Language and Education, 36(4), 267-279. Hulstijn, J. H. (2015). Language Proficiency in Native and Non-native Speakers: An Agenda for Research and Suggestions for Second-Language Assessment. Language Assessment Quarterly, 12(3), 233–249. Kachru, B. B. (1985). The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non -native Englishes. Pergamon Press. Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974). Li, H., Meng, L., Mu, K., & Wang, S. (2024). English language requirement and educational inequality: Evidence from 16 million college applicants in China. Brookings Institution. Li, S., Gu, P., & Qian, D. (2019). The relationship between critical thinking and English writing proficiency: A meta-analysis. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 31, 1–10. Macaro, E. (2009). The Continuum of Biliteracy: The Case of Second-Language Learners in Tertiary Education. Springer. Mendelson, M. (2017). English proficiency and academic performance: Understanding the role of language proficiency in academic success. Educational Researcher, 46(1), 45-58. Sánchez, E. (2019). Overcoming language barriers: The challenges of non-native English learners in higher education. Journal of Education and Practice, 10(14), 1-9. Strevens, P. (1980). The Role of English as a Global Language. English Language Teaching, 34(3), 231-245. Tanko, I. Z., Yushau, B., & Arhyel, I. (2022). Relationship Between Mathematics Performance and English Language Proficiency Among Senior Secondary School Students in Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria. Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 10(5), 509–516. Tariq, M. A., Jamil, M., & Iqbal, M. (2018). English as a medium of instruction: Prospects and challenges in Pakistani higher education. Pakistan Journal of Education, 35(2), 63-80. UNESCO. (2025). What you need to know about multilingual education. U.S. teachers face language barriers, student trauma as record migration reaches classrooms. (2024, October 5). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-teachers-face -language-barriers-student-trauma-record-migration-reaches-2024-10-05/ US children fall further behind in reading, make little improvement in math on national exam. (2025, January 29). AP News. Varthana. (2023). Multilingual Education: Benefits and Challenges. Vine, W. (2017). Language and power in academic settings. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 27(2), 245-263. Wheeler, L. (2020). As we tackle school segregation, don't forget about English Learner students. Brookings Institution. Wheeler, L. (2020). Teaching multilingual learners: Breaking down barriers to success. Northern Illinois University. Widin, J. (2010). Illegitimate Practices: Global English Language Education. Multilingual Matters. World Education News & Reviews. (2024). Understanding challenges with language of instruction in multilingual contexts. Australian Council for Educational Research. Wu, X. (2016). The relationship between critical thinking and English writing ability of college students. International Journal of English Linguistics, 6(5), 1–9. Zhang, Y. (2023). The Challenges and Solutions in Bilingual Education. ResearchGate.
