Presentation and Outcome of Treatment of Chronic Osteomyelitis at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

1. Lew DP, Waldvogel FA. Osteomyelitis. Lancet. 2004; 364:369-70. Schmitt SK. Osteomyelitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2017; 31 (2): 325-338. Klenerman L. A history of osteomyelitis from the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: 1948 to J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 2007; 89:667-70. Uckay I, Jungun K, Gamulin A, Wagener J. Chronic osteomyelitis. Current Infectious Disease Reports. 2012; 14 (5): 566-75. Cierny 3rd G, Mader JT, Pennick JJ. A clinical staging system for adult osteomyelitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003; 414:7-24. Legout L, Assal M, Rohner P, et al. Successful treatment of Candida parapsilosis (fluconazole- resistant) osteomyelitis with caspofungin in a HIV patient. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006; 38:728-30 Blyth CC, Gomes L, Sorrel TC, et al. Skull –base osteomyelitis: fungal vs. bacterial infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17:306-11. Karamanis EM, Matthaiou DK, Moraitis LI, Falagas ME. Fluoroquinolones versus beta-lactam based regimens for the treatment of osteomyelitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Spine. 2008; 33:297-304. Beals RK, Bryant RE. The treatment of chronic open osteomyelitis of the tibia in adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005; 433:212-38. Uckay I, Pittet D, Vaudaux P, et al. Foreign body infections due to Staphylococcus epidermidis. Ann Med. 2009; 41:109-19. Haider R, Der Boghosian A, Atiyeh B. Duration of post-surgical antibiotics in chronic osteomyelitis: empiric or evidence-based? Int J Infect Dis. 2010; 14:725-8. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006; 117:212-38. Calhoun JH, Manring MM. Adult Osteomyelitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005; 19(4):765- Benard L, Uckay I, Vuagnat A, et al. Two consecutive deep sinus cultures predict the pathogen of osteomyelitis. Int J Infect Dis. 2009; 14: 390-3. Mackowiak PA, Jones SR, Smith JW. Diagnostic value of sinus-tract cultures in chronic osteomyelitis. JAMA. 1978; 239:2772-5. McGregory JE, Pritchard DJ, Unni KK, Ilstrup D, Rowland CM. Malignant Lesions Arising in Chronic Osteomyelitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999; (362): 181-9. Mathews JA, Ward J, Chapman TW, Khan UM, Kelly MB. Single-stage Orthoplastic Reconstruction of Gustilo-Anderson Grade III Open Tibial Fractures Greatly Reduces Infection Rates. Injury. 2015; 46:2263-6. Nwagbara IC, Opara KO. Chronic Osteomyelitis of the Long Bones. Orient Journal of Medicine 2017; 29(3-4): 91-97. Eyichukwu GO, Anyaehie UE. Outcome of Management of Chronic Osteomyelitis at National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu. Niger J Med. 2009; 18(2): 194-198. Alonge TO, Ogunlade SO, Omololu AB. The Belfast Technique for the Treatment of Chronic Osteomyelitis in a Tropical Teaching Hospital. International Orthopaedics (SICOT). 2003; 27:125-128. Onumiya JE, Onobowale BO. Outcome of Chronic Osteomyelitis in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Basic Sciences. 2003; 1(1&2): 27-30. Katchy NA, Agu CT, Nwankwo EO. Chronic Osteomyelitis in 110 patients. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2000; 7(2): 49-53. Solomon I, Warwick D, Nayagam S, editors. Apley’s Systems of Orthopaedics and Fractures, 8th ed. London: Arnold; 2001. p27-48. Kremers HM, Nwojo ME, Ransom JE, et al. Trends in the Epidemiology of Osteomyelitis: A population-based study, 1969- 2009. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 20; 97(10): 837- 845. Wordsworth P. Diseases of Bone and Joints: In Infections. In: Russel RCG, Williams NS, Bulstrode CJK, editors. Bailey and Love’s Short Practice of Surgery, 24th ed. London: Arnold; p. 479-430 26, Zhou J, Li Y, Wang QK, et al, Status of Road Safety and Injury Burden in China. J Orthop Trauma. 2014; 28 Suppl 1: S41-S42. Conterno LO, Turchi MD. Antibiotics for Treating Chronic Osteomyelitis in Adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 9: Cd004439. Lazzarini L, Mader JT, Calhoun JH. Osteomyelitis in Long Bones. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 2004; 86-A:2305-18.