Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals on Some Selected Traditional Herbal Drugs

Ma’aruf Abdulmumin Muhammad; Sabi’u Rabilu Abdullahi; Mustapha Sulaiman; Anas Abba; Abdul Olaleye; Ibrahim Tajo Siraj; Ibrahim Tasiu Mustapha

doi:10.56201/rjfsqc.v10.no3.2024.pg66.79

Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals on Some Selected Traditional Herbal Drugs

Ma’aruf Abdulmumin Muhammad, Sabi’u Rabilu Abdullahi, Mustapha Sulaiman, Anas Abba, Abdul Olaleye, Ibrahim Tajo Siraj, Ibrahim Tasiu Mustapha

Abstract

Herbal drugs have gained significant popularity as alternative medicines among residents in the northern region of Nigeria, capitalizing on the abundant medicinal plants available in the area. This study aimed to investigate the levels of five selected heavy metals (Cd), (Hg), (Ni), (Pb), and (Zn) in five herbal drugs sold in Andaza Town, Kiyawa Local Government Area of Jigawa State. The preparation of the samples was carried out using a wet digestion method with nitric acid (HNO?) and perchloric acid (HClO?), and the heavy metals were quantified using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The health risk assessment (HRA) was performed for both adults and children using metrics such as estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and target cancer risk (TCR). On a dry weight (dw) basis, the concentrations of heavy metals were as follows (mean ± SD, mg/kg dw): Cd (0.156-0.312, 0.221 ± 0.065), Hg (8.58-16.7, 12.7 ± 3.78), Ni (0.960-2.74, 1.67 ± 0.698), Zn (4.26-10.1, 6.17 ± 2.34), and Pb (0.876-1.91). Lead was not detected in two out of the five samples, and therefore, the mean ± SD for Pb was not computed. A comparison with the WHO maximum permissible limits revealed that Hg levels were consistently above the recommended limits, while two samples exceeded the Cd limit. However, the concentrations of Ni, Zn, and Pb were within the permissible limits established by WHO. The HRA results indicated that the THQ values for all metals, except Hg, were below 1 for both adults (70 kg body weight) and children (24 kg body weight), suggesting that the metals themselves do not present a significant non-carcinogenic risk. However, Hg had relatively high THQ values for both demographics, potentially posing health risks. The percentage non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) analysis showed that Hg was responsible for more than 95% of the HI, highlighting its dominant role in the overall non-carcinogenic risk. Ad

Keywords

Herbal drugsHeavy metalsTarget Hazard QuotientHazard IndexHealth Risk

References

Adesina, A. J., Olaleye, A. A., Popoola, O. K., Olatunya, A. M., Gbolagade, A. Y., Idowu, K. A., & Ajakaye, A. O. (2022). Nutritional evaluation of leafy vegetables of Corchorus olitorius family from Ekiti State, Nigeria. ChemSearch Journal, 13(1), 147-156. Akinsola, A.F., Olagboye, S.A., Gbolagade, A.Y. and Ayodele, O. (2020). Assessment of toxicity of heavy metals in fourteen leafy vegetables in Ekiti State major markets: Health implications. Current Topics in Toxicology, 16, 157-168.www.researchtrends.net Alhusban, A.A., Ata, S.A and Shraim, S.A. (2019). The safety assessment of toxic metals in commonly used pharmaceutical herbal products and traditional herbs for infants in Jordanian markets. Biological Trace Elements Research, 187(1), 307-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1367-1 Ambedkar, G. and Muniyan, M. (2011). Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in the selected five fresh waterfish from Kollidam River, Tamilnadu, India. Advances in Applied Sciences Research, 2(5), 221–225. https://doi.org/10.21275/v4i12.nov151904 Ameen, N., Amjad, M., Murtaza, B., Abbas. G., Shahid. M., Imran, M., Naeem, M.A. and Niazi, N.K. (2019). Biogeochemical behavior of nickel under different abiotic stresses: Toxicity and detoxification mechanisms in plants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(11), 10496-10514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04540-4 Ara, M.H., Khan, A.R., Uddin, N. and Dhar, P.K. (2018). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in the leafy, fruit and root vegetables cultivated near Mongla industrial area, Bangladesh. Journal of Human, Environment and Health Promotion, 4(4), 144-152. https://doi.org/10.29252/jhehp.4.4.1 Atinafu, T., Mekonnen, T. and Somasundaram, J. (2015). Determination of some toxic heavy metal accumulation in medicinal plants commonly used in Gondar area district, Northwestern Ethiopia. International Journal of Pharmacy and Analytical Research, 4(4), 399-405. www.ijpar.com Banning M.The carcinogenic and protective effects of food. British Journal of Nursing. (2015). Pub Med Google Scholar. Cakmak, I., and U. B. Kutman. (2018). Agronomic biofortification of cereals with zinc: A review. European Journal of Soil Science. Chinese Department of Preventive Medicine (CDPM) (1994). Thresholds for food hygiene. China Standaed Press, Beijin. Dghaim, R., Alkhatib, S., Rasool, H. and Khan, M.A. (2015). Determination of heavy metals concentrations in traditional herbs commonly consumed in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2015, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7154984 Durumin-Iya, N. I., Aliyu, M., & Sulaiman, M. (2023). Evaluation of heavy metals in soil from automobile mechanic Village Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 9(2a), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v9i2a.15 Ekhator, U.C., Udowelle, N.A., Igbiri, S., Asomugha, R.N., Igweze, Z.N. and Orisakwe, O.E. (2017). Safety evaluation of potential toxic metals exposure from street foods consumed in Mid-West Nigeria. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2017, 8458057. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8458057 Elick, MJ. Peak, JD. Brady, PV. Pesek, JD. (2019). Kinetics of Pb absorption/ desorption on goethite: residence time effect. EPA (2016). Integrated Risk Information System. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington EPA. (2014). Toxic chemical release reporting. Chemicals and chemical categories to which this part applies. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 372.65. http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/research EU, Commission Regulation (EC) (2006). Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in food stuffs. Official Journal of European Union, L364/5. Family Health Teams, author. Guide to Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Ontario: Canada: (2016) Google Scholar Hafeez, B., Y. M. Khanif, and M. Saleem (2013). Role of zinc in plant nutrition – a review. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 3 (2):374–91. IARC. (2006). Agents reviewed by the IARC monographs: Volumes 1-99. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classifica tion/index.php. April 24, 2006 IARC. (2006).Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Vol.87. Lyon, France: IARC online. Available: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol 87/index.php accessed Oct.2, 2012 Izzo, A., & Ernst, E. (2012). Interactions Between Herbal Medicines and Prescribed Drugs. Drugs, 69, 1777-1798. https://doi.org/10.2165/11317010-000000000-00000 Konieczy?ski, P., Viapiana, A., Lysiuk, R., & Weso?owski, M. (2017). Chemical Composition of Selected Commercial Herbal Remedies in Relation to Geographical Origin and Inter- Species Diversity. Biological Trace Element Research, 182, 169 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1078-z Lee, J., Kim, E., & Jeong, G. (2024). Anti-Inflammatory Herbal Extracts and Their Drug Discovery Perspective in Atopic Dermatitis.. Biomolecules & therapeutics, 32 1, 25-37 . https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2023.102 M. Valko, C. J. Rhodes, J. Moncol, M.Izakovic, and M. Mazur, (2015) ,Free radicals,metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer, Chemico-Biological Interactions. Ma’aruf M. A, Mustapha S, Giriraj T, Muhammad N. S, Habib M. U, et al. Sustainable Synthesis Strategies: Biofabrication's Impact on Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research, 2024, 7 (2), pp.229 - ?10.52589/ajensr-jtfpyhuk?. ?hal-04628697? Ma’aruf Abdulmumin Muhammad, Mustapha Sulaiman, Habib Muhammad Usman, Saifullahi Lawan Panda, & Inuwa Musa Idris. (2024). Water Quality Assessment and Health Implications: A Study of Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Science and Technology, 9(6), 33-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46243/jst.2024.v9.i6.pp33-52 Maghrabi, I.A. (2014). Determination of some minerals and heavy metals in Saudi Arabia popular herbal drugs usin modern techniques. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 8(36), 893-898. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP12.1455 Mahurpawar, M. (2015). Effects of heavy metals on human health. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 130(9), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.J9SE.2015.3282 Meseret, M., Ketema, G. and Kassahun, H. (2020). Health risk assessment and determination of some heavy metals in commonly consumed traditional herbal preparations in Northeast Ethiopia. Journal of Chemistry, 2020, 6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8883837 Muhammad, M. A., Sulaiman, M., Usman, H. M., & Panda, S. L. (2024). Water Quality Assessment and Health Implications: A Study of Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4600212/v1 Mustapha S., Habib M. U., Ma’aruf A. M., Mustapha A., Shehu H., et al. Sustainable Technique for Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Seed Oil Extraction: Optimization and Characterization. African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research, 2024, 7 (2), pp.218-228. ?10.52589/AJENSR-5H1FVLHR?. ?hal-04622783? Mustapha Sulaiman, Naseer Inuwa Durumin-Iya, Mamudu Aliyu. Controlled Synthesis of Silica Particles Using Extraction-Precipitation Method. International Journal of New Chemistry, In press, ?10.22034/ijnc.2023.2015271.1364?. ?hal-04637649? Naseer Inuwa Durumin-Iya, Mamudu Aliyu, Mustapha Sulaiman. Evaluation of heavy metals in soil from automobile mechanic Village Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2023, 9 (2), pp.153 - 164. ?10.4314/dujopas.v9i2a.15?. ?hal- 04622821? New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) (2007). Hopewell precision area contamination: Appendix

Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals on Some Selected Traditional Herbal Drugs

Abstract

Keywords

References

More Articles from RESEARCH JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND QUALITY CONTROL