Environmental Pollution and Maternal Mortality among Female Entrepreneurs

Abstract

Purpose This study examines environmental pollution and maternal mortality among female entrepreneurs in Nigeria from 1981 to 2023. Methodology/Approach The study projected the future trend of the post Covid-19 Era from 2020 to 2023 using review analysis about implications on the female entrepreneurs in order to achieve the stated objectives using annual time series data were obtained from secondary sources and analyzed using the Toda-Yamamoto estimation technique of analysis. The study used maternal mortality as response variable to capture health implications on the after-math of Covid-19 prospects among female entrepreneurs with Carbon dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, and Particulate Matter as the main explanatory variables. The findings reveal that Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide and Particulate Matter reveal no causality with Maternal Mortality during the period of study. Implying that Carbon dioxide emission, Nitrous oxide emission and Particulate Matter do not contribute or result to Maternal Mortality in Nigeria during the period of study (1981-2023). Findings However, further finding reveals that increase in maternal mortality result a causal effect on carbon dioxide emission, implying that increase in maternal maternity leads to a continuous pollution of the environment especially the Carbon dioxide emission in the period of study. Research Implications/ Practical Implications Thus, Nigeria maternal mortality rate for 2020 was 1,047.00, a 6.68% decline from 2019. However, maternal mortality rate decline with steady rate from 2019 (1,122.00) to 1,047.00 in 2020 and 2023 concurrently. The study recommended that clean and renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy and Hydro energy to replace the fossil fuel energy in the country. Also, products that utilize solar energy, wind energy, Hydro energy and other renewable product should be made tax free in order to encourage mass production. This is in a bid to cut down the rate of emi

Keywords

References