IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development

IIARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (IJGEM )

E-ISSN 2504-8821
P-ISSN 2695-1878
VOL. 8 NO. 2 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.56201/ijgem.v8.no2.2022.pg55.63

---

The Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Effluents using Biomass Based Modified Activated Carbon

Hadiza Ado Suleiman & Salamatu Surajo Isah

---

Abstract

Modified coconut shell based activated carbon was used as a precursor in this study to remove heavy metals Lead (Pb), Aluminium (Al), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), and Cadmium (Cd) from industrial effluent using the thermal process of pyrolysis and carbonization for 2 hr and impregnation ratio of 1:2 with phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) and sodium hydroxide( Na O H) for three different biomass particle size at 600 0 c temperature using Znlc 2 as an activating agent. A maximum activated carbon yield of 68g was obtained for the coconut shell. The optimum activation temperature, impregnation ratio, time, uptake capacity and removal rate were determined. The results of this work illustrates that high-quality activated carbon can be locally manufactured from coconut shell waste, and a scale-up of this production will go a long way in reducing the tons of coconut shell waste generation in the country.

---

References:

Abechi, S. E., Gimba, C. E., Uzairu, A. & Dallatu, Y. A. (2013) Preparation and
characterization of activated carbon from Palm Kernel shell by chemical
activation.Res J Chem Sci 3 (7), 54 – 61.

Ahmedna, M., Marshall, M.E., Rao, R.M., 2000. Production of granular activated carbons
from select agricultural by-products and evaluation of their physical, chemical and
adsorption properties. Bioresource Technology 71, 113–123.

Ali, H., Khan, E., 2019. Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-
essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in food chains/webs—concepts and
implications for wildlife and human health. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 25, 1353–1376
org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1469398. ´

Bentil, J. & Buah, W. K., (2016). Removal of Fluoride in Water Using Activated Carbons
Prepared from Selected Agricultural Waste Materials, Journal of Environment and
Earth Science 6 (4), 146 - 152

Buah, W. K., Fosu, S. & Ndur, S. A. (2016) Abatement of Heavy Metals Concentration in
Mine Waste Water sing Activated Carbons Prepared from Coconut Shells in a Gas-
Fired Static Bed Pyrolysis/Activation Reactor. G J T 1 (1), 46 - 52.

Bouchelta C, MedjramMS, Bertrand O& Bellat JP. 2008. Preparation and characterization of
activated carbon from date stones by physical activation with steam. Journal of
Analysis Applied Pyrolysis 82: 70–77

Chandra TC, Mirna MM, Sunarso J, Sudaryanto Y& Ismadji S. 2009. Activated carbon from
durian shell: preparation and characterization. Journal of Taiwan Institute Chemical
Engineering 40: 457–462

Chammui Y., Sooksamiti P., Naksata W., Thiansem S., Arqueropanyo O.A. (2014): Removal
of arsenic from aqueous solution by adsorption on Leonardite. Chemical Engineering
Journal, 240: 202–210.

Clement, R. E., Eiceman, G. A. & Koester, C. J. Environmental analysis. Analytical
Chemistry 67 (12), 221R–255R.

Daud W.M.A.W & Ali W.S.W. 2004. Comparison on pore development of activated carbon
produced from palm shell and coconut shell. Bioresource Technology 93: 63–69.
Demey H., Vincent T., Guibal E. (2018): A novel algal-based sorbent for heavy metal
removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 332: 582–595.

Diao, Y., Walawender, W.P., Fan, L.T., 2002. Activated carbons prepared from phosphoric
acid activation of grain sorghum. Bioresource Technology 81, 45–52.

Hidayu, A. R. & Muda, N. (2016) Preparation and characterization of impregnated activated
carbon from palm kernel shell and coconut shell for CO2 capture. Procedia Eng 148,
106 – 113.

Karacan, F., Ozden, U., Karacan, S., 2007. Optimization of manufacturing conditions for
activated carbon from Turkish lignite by chemical activation using response surface
methodology. Applied Thermal Engineering 27 (7), 1212–1218.

MacCarthy, P., Klusman, R. W., Cowling, S. W. & Rice, J. A. 1993.Water analysis.
Analytical Chemistry 65 (12), 244R–292R.

Malassa H, Hadidoun M, Al-Khatib M, Al-Rimawi F, Al-Qutob M (2014) Assessment of
groundwater pollution with heavy metals in North West Bank/Palestine by ICP-MS. J
Environ Prot 05(01):54–59. doi:10.4236/jep.2014.51007

Marín MO, Fernández JA, Lázaro MJ, Fernández-González C, Macías-García A, Gómez-
Serrano V, Stoeckli F & Centeno TA. 2009. Cherry stones as precursor of activated
carbons for supercapacitors. Material, Chemical and Physical 114: 323–327.

Mehdipour, S., Vatanpour, V. & Kariminia, H.-R. 2015. Influence of ion interaction on lead
removal by a polyamide nanofiltration membrane. Desalination 362, 84–92.

Mohammed, L., Park, J. H., Ko, J. M. & Park, J. (2018) Supercapacitive properties of
composite electrode consisting of activated carbon and quinone derivatives. J Ind Eng
Chem.63, 12 – 18.

Molina-Sabio, M., Rodriguez-Reinoso, F., Caturia, F., Selles, M.J., 1995. Porosity in granular
carbons activated with phosphoric acid. Carbon 33 (8), 1105–1113.

Ncibi MC, Jeanne-Rose V, MahjoubB, Jean-MariusC, Lambert J, Ehrhardt JJ, Bercion Y,
Seffen M & Gaspard S. 2009. Preparation and characterization of raw chars and
physically activated carbons derived from marine Posidonia oceanica (L.) fibres.
Journal of Hazardous Material 165: 240–249.

Pragya, P., Sripal S. & Maheshkum Ar, Y. (2013) Preparation and study of properties of acti-
vated carbon produced from agricultural and industrial waste shells. Res J Chem Sci 3
(12), 12 – 15.

Rao, K. S., Mohapatra, M., Anand, S. & Venkateswarlu, P. 2010 Review on cadmium
removal from aqueous solutions. International Journal of Engineering, Science and
Technology 2 (7), 81–103.

Renge, V. C., Khedkar, S. V. & Pandey Shraddha, V. 2012 Removal of heavy metals from
wastewater using low cost adsorbents: a review. Scientific Reviews and Chemical
Communications 2(4), 580–584.

Romero-Anaya, A. J., Lillo-Rodenas, M. A. & Lecea, C. S. M. (2012) Linares-Solano A. Hy-
dro-thermal and conventional H3PO4 activation activation of two natural bio-fibers.
Carbon 50, 3158 – 69.

Saleh TA, Danmaliki GI. Adsorptive desulfurization of dibenzothiophene from fuels by
rubber tyres-derived carbons: Kinetics and isotherms evaluation. Process Saf Environ
Prot 2016; 102:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.02.005.

Singh, P., Raizada, P., Pathania, D., Sharma, G. & Sharma, P. (2013) Microwave induced
KOH activation of guava peel carbon as an adsorbent for congored dye removal from
aqueous phase. Indian J. Chem. Technol. 20, 305 – 311.

Tay T, Ucar S & Karagöz S. 2009. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from
waste biomass. Journal of Hazardous Material 165: 481–485.

Williams, P. T. & Reed, A. R. (2004) High grade activated carbon matting derived from the
chemical activation and pyrolysis of natural fibre textile waste. J Anal Appl. Pyrol.71,
971 – 86.

Yuen. F. K & Hameed B. A. 2009. Recent developments in the preparation and regeneration
of activated carbons by microwaves.149(1-2):19-27. School of chemical engineering,
engineering campus universiti sains Malaysia 14300 nibonh tebal penang Malaysia.
doi 10.1016/j.cis.2008.12.005

DOWNLOAD PDF

---

Back