JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND GENETIC RESEARCH (JBGR )
E-ISSN 2545-5710
P-ISSN 2695-222X
VOL. 10 NO. 2 2024
DOI: 10.56201/jbgr.v10.no2.2024.pg1.14
Yero I.H, Aminu A.I, Ishaq S.A
Cases of fake/weak drugs are abundant everywhere in the country today, especially in the use of antibiotics, which leads to an increase level of drug resistance among microorganisms which were known to be susceptible to particular antibiotics. Thus, the need to test for the antibacterial activity of ginger and garlic against some pathogenic microorganisms should be employed to support it's use as an ingredient for herbal medicines. This study explores the potential of ginger ethanol extracts, ginger chloroform extract, garlic ethanol extract and garlic chloroform extract tested against some clinically relevant bacterial strains. These include; Citrobacter sp, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas auregenosa, using agar well diffusion technique. Ciprofloxacin (1 mg/ml) was used as standard control. The test concentration of each extract was set as 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tanins, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, steroid, alkaloid, volatile oils, balsams and terpenoids. The results showed a higher zone of inhibition of 28.45 mm at 100 mg/ml concentration of ginger ethanol extract against S. aureus and garlic chloroform extract with the least activity against Citrobacter spp. with 6.30 mm at 100 mg/ml. The MIC of ginger ethanol extract against the test organisms was determined, which show values between 12.5 and 95 mg/ml. In comparison, the ginger chloroform extract had MIC values between 12.5 and 50 mg/ml. The garlic ethanol extract had MIC value of 50 mg/ml while the garlic chloroform extract had MIC value of 100 mg/ml. The MBC of ginger ethanol and chloroform extracts was between 12.5 and 100 mg/ml. The garlic ethanol and chloroform extracts had MBC values only at 100 mg/ml. The result of this study show that the extracts had activity against the test organisms and as such could be a potential therapeutic against the tested org
Zingiber officinale (Ginger); Allium sativum (Garlic) Phytochemicals; Antibacterial
Ababutain, I.M. (2001). Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts from Some Medicinal Plant.
Australian J of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5: 678-683.
Afolabi, B.T., Agu, G.C. and Onajobi, I.B. (2020). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial
Activity of Garcinia kola (Hackel) And Cola nitida (Vent) Extracts. Nigerian Journal of
Technology (NIJOTECH), 39 (2): 379-385.
Ahmad, I., Mehmood, Z. and Mohammad, F. (1998). Screening of some Indian medicinal plants
for their antimicrobial properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 62: 183-193.
Akrayi, F S. (2014). Antibacterial Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Spices and Herbs against Bacteria
Isolated from Frozen Meat. Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences, 22 (1):
30-35.
Alexei, Y.B., Joseph, I.S. and Olga, V.F. (2009). Endogenous cardiotonic steroids: physiology,
pharmacology and novel therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Rev. 61: 9–38.
Arshad, H.R., M. Fahad, S. A.l. and M.A. Salah, (2014). Active ingredients of ginger as potential
candidates in the prevention and treatment of diseases via modulation of biological
activities. International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, 6 (2):
125-136.
Ayoola, G.A., Coker, H.A.B., Adesegun, S.A., Adepoju-Bello, A.A., Obaweya, K., Ezennia, E.C.
and Atangbayila, T.O. (2008). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of some
selected medicinal plants used for malaria therapy in Southwestern Nigeria. Tropical
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 7 (3): 1019–1024.
Bakht, J., Tayyab, M., Ali, H., Islam, A. and Shafi, M. (2011). Effect of different solvent extracted
sample of Allium sativum (Linn) on bacteria and fungi. Afr. J. Biotech. 10: 5910–5915.
Belguith, H., Kthiri, F., Chati, A., Sofah, A.A., Hamida, J.B. and Landoulsi, A. (2010). Study of
the effect of aqueous garlic extract (Allium sativum) on some Salmonella serovars isolates.
Emir J. Food Agric. 22: 189–206.
Benbott, A., Yahyia, A. and Bela?'di, A. (2012). Assessment of the antibacterial activity of crude
alkaloids extracted from seeds and roots of the plant Peganumharmala. Journal Natural
Product Plant Resources, 2: 568–573.
Bentley, R. (1997). Microbial secondary metabolites play important roles in medicine and
prospects discovery of new drugs. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 40: 364-394.
Chung, P.Y., Navaratnam, P. and Chung, L.Y. (2011). Synergistic antimicrobial activity between
pentacyclictriterpenoids and antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus strains. Annals of
Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 10: 1-6.
Clarke, P.H. and Cowan, S.T. (1952). Biochemical methods for bacteriology. Journal of General
Microbiology, 6 (1-2): 187-197.
Daniel, M.M. (2000). Bacteriology – haemophilus species: Baron medical microbiology. 8th Edn.,
London: Wright’s books. pp: 724-39.
Dua, V.K., Gaurav, V., Bikram, S., Aswathy, R., Upma, B., Dau, D.A., Gupta, N.C., Sandeep, K.
and Ayushi, R. (2013). Anti-malarial property of steroidal alkaloid conessine isolated from
the bark of Holarrhenaanti dysenterica. Malaria Journal, 12: 1–6.
Foster, S. (2011). Ginger Zingiber officinale your food is your medicine. [Online] Available from:
http://www.stevenfoster.com/education/monograph/ginger.html.,
Gupta, S. and Ravishankar, S. (2005). Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. Winter, 2 (4): 330-340
Handa, S.S., Khanuja, S.P.S., Longo, G. and Rakesh, D.D. (2008). Extraction technologies for
medicinal and aromatic plants. 1st Edn. Trieste (Italy): Earth, Environmental and Marine
Sciences and Technologies, pp: 22.
Harborne, J.B. (1973). Phytochemical methods: A guide modern techniques of plant analysis. 1st
Edn., New York: Chapman and Hall, pp: 33-182.Hemaiswarya, S., Kruthiventi, A.K. and
Doble, M. (2008). Synergism between natural products and antibiotics against infectious
diseases. Phytomedicine, 15: 639-652.
Iotsor, B. I., Iseghohi, F., Oladoja, O.E., Raji, O.R., Yusuf, Z., Oyewole, O.A... (2019).
Antimicrobial Activities of Garlic and Ginger Extracts on Some Clinical Isolates. The
International Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (1): 59-65.
Iwalokun, B.A., Ogunledun, A., Ogbolu, D.O., Bamiro, S.B. and Jimi-Omojola, J. (2004). In Vitro
antimicrobial properties of aqueous garlic extract against multidrug-resistant bacteria and
Candida species from Nigeria. J Med Food, 7: 327–333.
Jolly, O.A., Beatrice, K., Dorothy, N. and John, K. (2022). Effect of aqueous and organic solvent
extraction on in-vitro antimicrobial activity of two varieties of fresh ginger (Zingiber
officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum),Heliyon, 8: 2405-8440.
Keskin, D. and Toroglu, S. (2011). Studies on Antimicrobial Activities of Solvent Extracts of
Different Spices. J. of Environmental Biology, 32: 251-256
McGaw, L.J., Jager, A.K. and Staden, J.V. (2000). Antibacterial, anthelmintic and anti-amoebic
activity in South African medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72: 247-263.
Namadina, M.M., Mukhtar, A.U., Kraye, S.I., Musa, F.M., Bah, I.H. and Maitama, F.Y. (2021).
Phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of indigenous Chewing Stick
(Anogeissus leiocarpus) Stem. Bayero journal of pure and applied Sciences, 14 (1): 85 -
National Plant Data Ceznter, NRCS and USDA (2000). The Plants Database for Zingiber officinale.
Baton Rouge USA, 5 (1): 70874-4490. http://plants.usda.gov
Nanasombat, S. and Lohasupthawee, P. (2005). Antibacterial Activity of Crude Ethanolic Extracts
and Essential Oils of Spices against Salmonellae and Other Enterobacteria. KMITL Science
of Technology J. 5: 527-538.
O’Gara, E.A., Hill, D.J. and Maslin, D.J. (2000). Activities of garlic oil, garlic powder, and their
dially constituents against Helicobacter pylori. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 66: 2269–2273.
Olofsson, S.K. and Cars, O. (2007). Optimizing drug exposure to minimize selection of antibiotic
resistance. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 45: 129-136.
Onyeagba, R., Ugbogu, O.C., Okeke, C.U. &Iroakasi, O. (2004). Studies on the Antimicrobial
Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum L.), Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Lime (Citrus
aurantifolia L.). African Journal of Biotechnology. 3 (4): 552-554.
Savithramma, N., Linga, R.M. and Suhrulatha, D. (2011). Screening of medicinal plants for
secondary metabolites. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 8: 579–584.
Schumacher, A., Vranken, T., Malhotra, A., Arts, J.J.C. and Habibovic, P. (2018). In vitro
antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods: agar dilution to 3D tissue-engineered models.
Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis, 37 (2): 187–208.
Sethi, N., Kaura, K., Dilbaghi, N., Parle M. and Pal, M. (2014). Garlic: A pungent wonder from
nature. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 5 (7): 523-529.
Shubha, S.R. (2015). Medicinal uses of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) improves growth and
enhances immunity in aquaculture. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 3 (2): 83-
Steven,
D.E.
(2015).Garlic.Availablefromhttps://www.umm.edu/health/medical/atlmed/herb/garlic.
Suruchi, Y., Pramod K.S. and Md, A.A (2016). Ginger medicinal uses and benefits. European
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 3 (7): 127-135.
Tafinta, I.Y., Okoye, N.H., Batagarawa, U.S., Hamma, I.I. and Abubakar, M.M. (2020).
Phytochemical Screening and Antifungal Activities of Cashew (Anacardium
occidentaleLinn.) Leaves Extract on Some Fungal Isolates. Asian Plant Research Journal,
5 (3): 30-37.
Tyler, V.E. (2002). The honest herbal, a sensible guide to the use of herbs and related remedies.
New York: Pharmaceutical Products Press, pp. 375.
Wolde, T., Kuma, H., Trueha, K. and Yabeker, A. (2018). Anti-Bacterial Activity of Garlic Extract
against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. J. Pharmacovigil, 6: 253.
World
health
organization,
(2001).
Legal
Status
of
Traditional
Medicine
and
Complementary/Alte