References
Alongi, D. M. (2014). Carbon cycling and storage in mangrove forests. Annual Review of Marine
Science, 6, 195–219.
Barenblitt, A., Lola Fatoyinbo, N. Thomas, A. Stovall,. (2024). Invasion in the Niger Delta:
Remote sensing of mangrove conversion to Nypa palm. Remote Sensing in Ecology and
Conservation. 5,200-215.
Bunting, P., Rosenqvist, A., Hilarides, L., Lucas, R., Thomas, N., Hardy, A., Itoh, T., Shimada,
M., Finlayson, C., Jia, M., Matsumoto, M., Pham, T. D., Trisasongko, B. H., Worthington,
T. A., Spalding, M., Murray, N. J., & Rebelo, L. M. (2022). Global Mangrove Extent
Change 1996–2020: Global Mangrove Watch Version 3.0. Remote Sensing, 14(15), 3657.
Bryan, T., Virdin, J., Kot, C. Y., Cleary, J., & Halpin, P. N. (2020). Blue carbon conservation in
West Africa: A first assessment of feasibility. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 24, 1–15.
Donato, D. C., Kauffman, J. B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M., & Kanninen, M.
(2011). Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geoscience,
4, 293–297.
Duarte, C. M., Losada, I. J., Hendriks, I. E., Mazarrasa, I., & Marbà, N. (2013). Assessing the
capacity of seagrass meadows for carbon burial: Current limitations and future challenges.
Global Change Biology, 19, 2705–2717.
Howard, J.; Hoyt, S.; Isensee, K.; Telszewski, M.; Pidgeon, E. (2014). Coastal Blue Carbon:
Methods for Assessing Carbon Stocks and Emissions Factors in Mangroves, Tidal Marshes
and Seagrasses. Conservation International, Smithsonian, and Wetlands International.
(Technical guidance). CGSpace
IPCC. (2019). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Kauffman, J. B., Adame,M.F., Arifanti,V.B., Schile-Beers, L.M., Bernardino,A.F.,Bhomia,R.K.,
(2020). Total ecosystem carbon stocks of mangroves across broad environmental and
latitudinal gradients. Ecosphere, 11(4), e03194.
McLeod, E., Chmura, G. L., Bouillon, S., Salm, R., et al. (2011). A blueprint for blue carbon:
Toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering
CO?. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(10), 552–560.
Mwikamba, E. M. (2024). A review of seagrass cover, status and trends in Africa. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science (review).
Nigeria National Council on Climate Change (NCCC). (2023). Nigeria’s Long-Term Low-
Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) – 2060. UNFCCC resource.
Nellemann, C., Corcoran, E., Duarte, C. M., Valdés, L.(2009). Blue carbon: The role of healthy
oceans in binding carbon – A Rapid Response Assessment. UNEP/GRID-Arendal. (Policy
report).
Pendleton, L., Donato, D. C., Murray, B. C., Crooks, S., Jenkins, W. A. (2012). Estimating global
“blue carbon” emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems.
PLoS ONE, 7(9), e43542.
Reuters. (2025). Coastal surges sweep away Nigeria coastal community as Commonwealth
promise stalls. Reuters reporting on Lagos coastal impacts.
Salinas, C., Salinas, C.; Duarte, C. M.; Lavery, P. S.; Masque, P.; Arias-Ortiz, A.; Leon, J. X.;
Callaghan, D.; Kendrick, G.A.; Serrano, O. (2020). Seagrass losses since mid-20th century
fuelled CO? emissions. Global Change Biology, 26, 5250–5261.
Sidi Cheikh, M. A.,Bandeira,S., Soumah,S., Diouf,G., Diouf,E.M.,Sanneh,O.,Cardoso,N. (2022).
Seagrasses of West Africa: New discoveries, distribution limits and prospects for
management. Biodiversity, 15(1), 5.
State of the World’s Mangroves 2024. (2024). Mangrove Alliance / GMW synthesis report.
UNFCCC / NDC Partnership. (2023). Blue carbon insight brief: integrating coastal wetlands into
climate actions (policy brief).
UNEP. (n.d.). Sustainable Blue Economy. United Nations Environment Programme resources on
blue economy guidance. https://www.unep.org/topics/ocean-seas-and-coasts/ecosystem-
based-approaches/sustainable-blue-economy
WorldFish. (2024). Challenges and a way forward for nature-positive, resilient coastal livelihoods
in Nigeria (policy insights and programmatic recommendations).
Rodrigues, J. V., José Vítor Rodrigues; Cotovicz L.C; Beloto.N; Gmach,M.R; Bezerra ,E.A.
(2024). Historical land use changes lead to massive loss of soil carbon in coastal wetlands
(case studies). Science of the Total Environment. 7,30-45.
Sasmito, S. D. ; Sillanpää,M; Hayes,M.A; Bachri.S; Saragi-Sasmito,M.F;Sidik,F; Bayu, B.
(2020). Mangrove blue carbon stocks: Variability and implications for carbon accounting.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 45,1-16.
Hatje, V.Masqué ,P, Patire,V.F., Dórea,A., Barros ,F. (2021). Blue carbon stocks, accumulation
rates, and associated environmental drivers across seagrass and mangrove biogeographic
settings. Limnology and Oceanography, 66, 1–20.
Breithaupt, J. L.,Steinmuller,H.E., Rovai ,A.S., Engelbert, K.M., Smoak,J.M., Chambers,L.G.,
Radabaugh,K.R., Moyer,R.P. (2023). An improved framework for estimating organic
carbon in coastal wetlands: addressing spatial variability. Wetlands Ecology and
Management, 31, 1–18.
Mwikamba, E., Githaiga ,M.N.,Briers,R.O & Huxham,M.,(2024). Regional seagrass review and
policy implications for West Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. (See DOI in
entry 12).
