IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND EARTH SCIENCE (IJAES )

E- ISSN 2489-0081
P- ISSN 2695-1894
VOL. 11 NO. 6 2025
DOI: 10.56201/ijaes.vol.11.no6.2025.pg25.35

---

Evaluation of Heavy Metal and Anti-nutritional Profile of Macrophytes Harvested as Aqua-feed Ingredient from Nwaja Stream, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Wokeh, Okechukwu Kenneth Komi, Gentle Wilson and Hart, Aduabobo Ibitoru

---

Abstract

This study was carried out to assess heavy metal concentrations and anti-nutritional profile in aquatic macrophytes harvested as aqua-feed ingredient from Nwaja stream, Rivers State, Nigeria. Metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in macrophytes and surface water were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Buck 200, Buck Scientific, USA) and each metal detected, was differentiated by the degree of light penetration. Anti-nutritional

keywords:

Aquatic, Ecosystem, Health, Malevolent, Non-conventional, Risk

---

References:

Ajayi,O; Akinrinlola, A; Usman, A; Muhammed, A and Van der, K.M. (2022). Aquaculture
Development in Nigeria and FAO’s Role.In FAO Aquaculture News-International
Year of Artisanal Fisheries & Aquaculture, Special Issues;Rome, Italy, pp 21-24.
Al-Abbawy,D.A.H,
Al-thahaibawi,B.M.H,
Al-Mayaly,I.K.A
and
Younis,
K.
(2021).Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Various Aquatic Plants of Al-Hawizeh
Marsh, Southern of Iraq. Biodiversitas,22(1):338-345.
Alagoa, K.J; Daworiye, P and Eremasi, Y.B.(2015). Heavy Metal Concentration in Aquatic
Macrophytes of Aba River,Abia State, Nigeria. International Journal of Current
Microbiology& Applied Sciences, 4 (3):953-958
Anaemene, D.I. (2020). A Comparative Evaluation of the Nutrient and Anti-Nutrient
Compositions of Four Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) varieties. Anchor University Journal
of Science & Technology, 1 (1):102-109.
AOAC (2005) (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). Method of Analysis of the AOAC,
(W.Horwitz Editor) Eighteen Edition. Wishington D.C
Audu, R and Yola,I.A. (2020).Contemporary Issues in Fisheries and Aquaculture:A Review on
Non-Conventional Feed Ingredients For Fish Feed in Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure
and Applied Sciences,13,(2):22-28.
Bardi,J.I;Bawo,S.S.D; Ayodele,O; Bardi,S.I and Koplamma.(2025). Analysis of Heavy
Metal Concentration of Surface Water Around Gas-Flaring Stations in Selected Areas
of Delta State,Nigeria. Open Journal of Environmental Biology, 10(1):029-036.
Brunner, J.H. (1984). Direct Spectrophotometer Determination of Saponin. Analytical
Chemistry, 34:1314-1326.
Chandrakala,K; Jyothi, K and Mohan, N.R.G. (2015). Phytochemical Analysis of Some
Macrophyes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra
Pradesh.Journal of
Pharmacy & Biological Sciences, 10(6):31-36.
Davies,I.C; Wokeh,O.K; Lananan,F and Azra, M.N. (2023). Assessment of Temporal
Variation of Water Quality Parameters and Ecotoxic Trace Metals in Southern Nigeria
Coastal Water. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,32(5):4493-4502.
Falaye,A.E; Ojo-Daniel,H.A and Sule,S.O.(2022). Effects of Processing on Duckweed (Lemna
minor) As Fish Feedstuff. Scientific Reports in Life Sciences, 3(4):53-67.
Gopan,A;Lalappan, S; Varghese,T; Maiti,M.K and Peter,R.M.(2020). Anti-Nutritional Factors
in Plant-Based Aquafeed Ingredients. Bioscience & Biotechnology Research
Communications,13(2):01-09.
Isah,J; Shuaibu,B.S; Mohammed, J and Hamza, A.O.(2021). Proximate and Heavy Metal
Compositions of Some Commercial Fish Feeds Available in Keffi Metropolis,
Nasarawa State. ChemSearch Journal, 12 (1):85-91.
Kumar,N; Bauddh,K; Dwivedi, N; Barman, S.C and Singh, D.P.(2012). Accumulation of
Metals in Selected Macrophytes Grown in Mixture of Drain Water and Tannery
Effluent and their Phytoremediation Potential.
Journal of Environmental
Biology,33:923-927.
Lucas, G.M and Markaka, P. (1975).Phytic Acid and Other Phosphorous Compound of Bean
(Phaseolus vugaris). Journal of Agricultural Education & Chemistry,23:13-15.
Malik, D.S and Maurya, P.K. (2014). Heavy Metal Concentration in Water, Sediment,and
Tissues of Fish Species (Heteropneustis fossilis and Puntius ticto) from Kali River,
India. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry,96(8):1195-1206.
Mesele,K.M. (2023). Literature Review on Major Anti-Nutritional Factors(Toxins) in Animal
Feed and Their Effects. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological
Sciences, 10(10):18-30.
Mulokozi,D.P; Mmanda,F.P; Onyango, P; Lunch,T; Tamatamah, R and Berg,H. (2020). Rural
Aquaculture:Assessment of Its Contribution to Household Income
and
Farmers’
Perception
in
Selected
Districts,
Tanzania.
Aquaculture
Economic
Management,24:387-405.
Munyai,L.F and Dalu,T.(2023).Aquatic Macrophytes Metal and Nutrient Concentration
Variations, With Implication for Phytoremediation Potential in a Subtropical River
System. Sustainability, 15:14933.
Ngongolo,K and Magendero,A.(2022). Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia(Oreochromis
niloticus) Under A Locally Formulated Feed in Concrete Ponds. Tanzania Journal
of Agricultural Sciences, 21(1):61-67.
Obirikorang, K.A; Quagraine, K; Kassah, J.E and Von Ahnen, M.(2024). Editorial:Sustainable
Aquaculture Production for Improved Food Security. Frontier in Sustainable Food
System, 8:1485956
Ogunji, J and Wuertz, S. (2023). Aquaculture Development in Nigeria:The Second Biggest
Aquaculture Producer in Africa. Water, 15,4224.
Okey-Wokeh,C.G and Wokeh,O.K. (2022). Determination of Heavy Metal Levels in Surface
Water and Sediment of Mini-Ezi Stream,Elele-Alimini, Rivers State, Nigeria. African
Journal of Pure & applied Sciences,3(1):136-143.
Okey-Wokeh,C.G; Wokeh, O.K; Orose, E; Lananan, F and Azra,M.N. (2023). Anthropogenic
Impacts on Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Concentrations of Ogbor Hill River
Water, Southern Nigeria. Water,15(7):1359
Orose, E; Wokeh, O.K; Komi, G.W; Ab Lah,R and Bakar, K.(2024). Carcass Quality
and
Biochemical Changesof Cultured Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fed
Biodegraded
Waste. Agriculture Report, 3(1):18-28.
Pasichnaya, Y.A; Gorbatyuk, L.O; Arsan,O.M; Platonov,N.A; Burmistrenko, S.P and
Gopinath, A. (2020). Assessment of a Possibility of the Use of Aquatic Macrophytes
for Biomonitoring and Phytoindication of Contamination of Natural Waters By Heavy
Metal. Hydrobiological Journal, 56 (1):81-89.
Samitiya, M; Aluko,R.E and Dhewa,J.(2020). Plant Food Anti-Nutritional Factors and Their
Reduction Strategies:An Overview. Food,Processing & Nutrition,2:6.
Sandan,S; Yadav,A; Sharma,J; Sikarwar, A.S and Chakrabarti,R.(2024). Potential
of
Macrophytes As Alternative Fish Feed Ingredient for Sustainable Aquaculture.
African Journal of Biomedical Research, 27(4s):14767-14774.
Suleiman,M; Khadija, A.Y; Nasiru,Y; Garba,A.A; Alhassan;M and Bello, A.Y.(2020).
Proximate, Minerals and Anti-Nutritional Composition of Water Hyacinth
(Eichhnornia crassipes) Grass. Earthline Journal of Chemical
Sciences,3(1),51-
Skorbilowicz,M and Sidoruk, M.(2024). Assessment of Heavy Metal Content and
Identification of their Sources in Both Sediments and Various Macrophyte Species of
the Narew River, Poland. Mineral,15, 8
Tabassum,A;
Hasan,M;Islam,S.M;
Al-Mamum,
Z.U;
Roy,C.K;
Roy,N.R
and
Hassan,M.T.(2024). Evaluation of Aflatoxins and Heavy Metal Exposure in
the
Local Feeds of Fish and Shrimp in Bangladesh.Biological Trace Element
Research,024.,12-21
Uddin,M.M; Zakeel,M.C.M; Zavaliir, J.S; Marikar, F.M.M.T and Jahan, I.(2021). Heavy Metal
Accumulation in Rice and Aquatic Plants Used as Human Food: A General Review.
Toxics, 9,360.
Vikram,N; Katiyar, S.K; Singh, C.B; Husain, R and Gangwar, L.K.(2020). A Review On Anti-
Nutritional Factors. International Journal of Current Microbiology & Applied Sciences,
9(5):1128-1137
Wangboje,O.M and Ekundayo, O.T. (2013). Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Water of
Ikpoba Reservoir, Benin City, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of
Technology,32(1):61-66.
Wokeh, O.K; Woke, G.N; Orose,E and Odioko, E.(2020). Comparison of Growth Performance
of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fed with Different Standard Feed. International
Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Studies, 8(5):394-397.
Wokeh,O.K; Okey-Wokeh, C.G and Orose, E. (2023). Water Quality Assessment and Spatial
Variation in Aba River Water,South-Eastern Nigeria. African Journal of Pure &
Applied Sciences,4(1):36-41.
Zakarias,M.H; Ramaiya,S.D; Bidin,N; Syed,N.N.E and Bujang,J.S. (2023). Nutritional Values
of Wild Edible Freshwater Macrophyte. Peerj Life & Environment, 11(2):e15496.

DOWNLOAD PDF

---

Back