IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND GENETIC RESEARCH (JBGR )

E-ISSN 2545-5710
P-ISSN 2695-222X
VOL. 11 NO. 2 2025
DOI: 10.56201/jbgr.vol.11.no2.2025.pg40.58

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Virulence Factors and Pathogenic Mechanisms of Hepatitis Viruses Versus Host Innate Immunity

Asif BB, Imrana AM, Susuti E, Mary CM, Mohammed YA, Fatima AA

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Abstract

The liver fulfils key functions in metabolism for proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids and for elimination of toxic waste products via bile. However, certain conditions can cause the inflammation of the liver such as use of alcohol, some certain medical conditions, toxins and medications, inflammation of the liver is most often caused by a virus. Meanwhile, viral hepatitis is caused by any of the five hepatotropic viruses, i.e hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). These viruses belongs to different families which include; Hepatitis A is caused by infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV), a non-enveloped RNA virus that is classified as a picornavirus and was first discovered in the 1973, Hepatitis B virus (HBV), is a member of the family Hepadnaviridae, it was discover in the 1960s, hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, and was discovered in the year 1989, The smallest virus known to infect humans is hepatitis delta virus (HDV), Hepatitis delta virus was discovered by Rizzetto in 1977 and was initially described as new antigen detectable in patients with HBV-associated chronic liver disease. HEV is a single- stranded, nonenveloped RNA virus and is the only virus within the family Hepeviridae, it was first recognised in the year 1980. These viruses have different virulence factors which enable them to replicate and disseminate within a host in part by subverting or eluding host defences. Furthermore, just as they have different virulence factors, they vary greatly in terms of pathogenic mechanism as well as host immunity evasion mechanisms. The immune systems interact with these viruses upon entry into the cells. The innate immune system serves as the initial immune defence against foreign and dangerous materials such as viruses. In conclusion, all used

keywords:

Hepatitis virus, Virulence factors, Immune system, Pathogenic mechanism

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