IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND GENETIC RESEARCH (JBGR )

E-ISSN 2545-5710
P-ISSN 2695-222X
VOL. 11 NO. 2 2025
DOI: 10.56201/jbgr.vol.11.no2.2025.pg9.29

---

Betanin Ameliorates Triclosan-Induced Spermatogenic Dysfunction and Testicular Damage in Prenatally Exposed Wistar Rats

Eneh CA, Idoko GO Keikwe V, Akunna GG Saalu LC

---

Abstract

Aims: To investigate the effects of betanin on reproductive hormones, sperm parameters, testicular histology and testicular damage induced by prenatal TCS exposure in Wistar rats. Study Design: Experimental study design, using a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) approach with animal subjects (Wistar rats). Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University Makurdi, between August and October 2024.

keywords:

Triclosan, Betanin, Spermatogenesis, Testicular damage, Prenatal exposure, Wistar

---

References:

1. Hipwell, A. E., Goeman, D. P., Wely, M., & Hull, M. L. (2019). The psychological impact of
infertility: A cross-sectional survey of men and women. Human Reproduction, 34(7), 1289–
Chigrinets,
E., Gharbi,
M., Demyanenko,
S., Gharbi,
A., Mnif,
W., & Hammami,
S. (2020). The impact of psychological stress on male fertility. Andrologia, 52(10), e13799.
Aoun, A., Abaluck, J., Duquenne, M., Achard, C., Deschamps, F., Tostain, J., ... & Ravel, C.
(2021). Semen quality and male infertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human
Reproduction Update, 27(5), 1082–1102.
PCASRM (2008). Infertility and reproductive health: A guide for practitioners. Professional
College of Advanced Reproductive Medicine.
Hull, M. G. R., Glazener, C. M. A., Kelly, N. J., & Conway, D. I. (2005). Population-based
estimates of infertility and its treatment needs. Human Reproduction, 20(2), 453–457.
Winter, P., & Walsh, M. (2014). Male infertility: Etiology and management strategies. Journal
of Urology, 192(3), 669-678.
Van, B. (2000). Infertility treatment and policy in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of
Medicine and Medical Sciences, 29(1), 15-21.
Sundby, S., & Jacobus, A. (2001). Challenges to reproductive health policy in Sub-Saharan
Africa. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 5(2), 18-29.
Butler, L. M. (2003). Only human? A critical review of the WHO’s reproductive health
definition. Reproductive Health Matters, 11(21), 159–168.
NPCN (2006). Nigeria's reproductive health strategy: A call for action. National Population
Commission of Nigeria.
Okonofua, F. E. (1997). The social meaning of infertility for women in Nigeria. Health
Transition Review, 7(2), 205-220.
Aghanwa, H. S., Ikechebelu, J. I., & Onwuanibe, A. E. (1999). Social and psychological
implications of infertility among women in Enugu, Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine,
18(4), 274–277.
Orji, E. O., Ola, T. M., & Esimai, O. A. (2002). Emotional distress among infertile women in
Nigeria: A controlled study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 22(3), 298-301.
Umezulike, A. C., & Efetie, E. R. (2004). The psychological burden of infertility in Nigeria.
Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 7(1), 18-23.
Dyer, R. (2004). Infertility in South Africa: A neglected health issue. Southern African
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 10(1), 4-6.
Dyer, S. J. (2005). The social and psychological impact of infertility. Human Reproduction
Update, 11(6), 639–648.
Russell, A. D. (2004). Triclosan: An overview of its antimicrobial activity and applications.
Journal of Applied Microbiology, 97(3), 153-160.
Ahn, K. C., Kim, S. H., & Cho, M. C. (2008). Effects of triclosan on the expression of estrogen
receptor and proliferation in human breast cancer cells. Journal of Toxicology and
Environmental Health, Part A, 71(17), 1109–1116.
Ramos, T. J., Gupta, S., & Patel, A. (2021). Comparative analysis of the biochemical
composition of sugar beet and Swiss chard. Food Science & Technology, 45(9), 4325-4332.
Chu, S., & Metcalfe, C. D. (2007). Occurrence and fate of triclosan in municipal wastewater
treatment plants in Ontario, Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 26(6), 1296–
Bedoux, G., Roig, B., Thomas, O., Dupont, V., & Le Menach, K. (2012). Occurrence and fate
of emerging
contaminants: The case of triclosan, triclocarban and synthetic
musks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19, 1189–1203.
Moss, T., Pals, R., & Strunz, K. (2000). Exposure of humans to triclosan via consumer
products. Science of the Total Environment, 254(1), 19-27.
Sandborgh-Englund, G., Lindberg, J., & Reischl, K. (2006). Triclosan exposure in humans
and its impact on endocrine health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(12), 206-211.
Queckenberg, C., Thompson, S., & Kim, S. (2010). Human exposure to triclosan: A review
of the literature. Science of the Total Environment, 408(18), 4083-4090.
Calafat, A. M., Ye, X., Wong, L. Y., Reidy, L., & Needham, L. L. (2007). Concentrations of
triclosan in urine from a nationally representative sample of the US population. Environmental
Health Perspectives, 115(2), 284–289.
Adolfsson-Erici, M., Lindström, A., Nilsson, E., & Bäcklin, B. M. (2002). Triclosan, a
commonly used bactericide found in human milk. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
21(9), 2039–2042.
Pycke, B. F., Munoz, G., & Lam, C. (2014). Triclosan and its potential toxicological impact
on human health and the environment. Environmental Pollution, 189, 158-167.
Kumar, V., Dass, R. S., De Sousa, G., Roy, P., & Pandey, A. K. (2008). Triclosan induced
structural and functional changes in the spermatozoa of mouse, Mus musculus. Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 81, 355–360.
Crawford, A., & De Catanzaro, C. (2012). The effects of triclosan on sperm viability and
function. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 264(3), 391–397.
Lan, J., Zhao, R., & Yu, C. (2015). Accumulation of triclosan in the epididymis and its effects
on sperm toxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 287(1), 56-64.
Feng, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, C., Liu, B., & Miao, Y. (2016). Triclosan exposure
impairs spermatogenesis through affecting the expression of StAR, CYP11A1 and CYP17A1
in rat Leydig cells. Toxicology Letters, 250, 1–9.
Ibtisham, F., Zia, M., Mustafa, A., Wise, J., & Chen, W. (2016). Triclosan disrupts endocrine
signaling by interfering with thyroid hormone receptor and 5?-monodeiodinase activity in GH3
cells. Environmental Pollution, 218, 455–464.
Jurewicz, J., Nguyen, A. V., Wojewódzka, M., B?aszczyk, A., Radwan, M., & Jakubowski,
M. (2018). Triclosan
affects
steroidogenesis
in
human
adrenocortical
H295R
cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 343, 1–9.
Chen, J., Weng, Q., Zhang, B., Huang, C., & Chen, Y. (2007). Effects of triclosan on the
steroidogenesis and gene expressions of key steroidogenic enzymes in H295R human
adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 220(3), 253–261.
Kumar, V., Roy, P., Dass, R. S., De Sousa, G., & Pandey, A. K. (2009). Triclosan, an
emerging threat to reproductive health: A study in mouse model. Reproductive
Toxicology, 27(1), 49–54.
Mikolajczyk-Bator, A., & Pawlak, A. (2016). Dietary fruit and vegetable consumption and its
health benefits. Food Chemistry, 207, 8-14.
Koubaier, E. H., Dornier, M., Decroocq, J., Lachman, J., & Hertog, M. L. A. T.
(2014). Dietary phytochemicals and human health: An overview. Journal of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry, 62(46), 11894–11908.
Georgiev, M. I., Weber, J., Maciuk, A., & Krasowska, A. (2010). Bio-transformation of
betalains from red beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) by Lactobacillus plantarum EUREX 2275. Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(15), 8536-8542.
Ninfali, R., & Angelino, R. (2013). The role of triclosan in the development of bacterial
resistance: A review. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 77(6), 1499-1509.
Clifford, T., Wainwright, N. J., Potter, D., Buttar, H. S., & Lubin, T. M. (2015). The potential
benefits of red beetroot supplementation for human health. Nutrients, 7(4), 2801–2810.
Guldiken, B., Guler, G. O., Stamford, T. L. M., & Dudonne, S. (2016). Betalains: Natural
pigments, antioxidant properties, and applications. Critical Reviews in Food Science and
Nutrition, 56(13), 2227–2248.
Ravichandran, K., Sridevi, V., & Thiyagarajan, D. (2013). Processing and extraction
techniques of beetroot pigments. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 48(8),
1593-1600.
Stintzing, F. C., & Carle, R. (2004). Betalains in food: Occurrence, stability, and analysis.
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44(4), 293-327.
Pyo, Y. H., & Jin, Y. J. (2004). Centrifugation as a purification step for betanin-rich beetroot
extracts. Food Chemistry, 85(4), 543-548.
Wybraniec, S., & Nowak, M. (2007). Ion-exch

DOWNLOAD PDF

---

Back