IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development

JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SOCIAL WELFARE RESEARCH (JPASWR )

E-ISSN 2504-3597
P-ISSN 2695-2440
VOL. 10 NO. 2 2025
DOI: 10.56201/jpaswr.v10.no2.2025.pg110.129

---

Employee Participation and Job Satisfaction in the Rivers State Civil Service

Adue, Stephen Barinaadaa Numyone and Alafuro Epelle

---

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between employees’ participation and job satisfaction in the Rivers State Civil Service. The general objective was to examine the extent to which employees’ participation affects job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is proxy by employee salary and promotion while participation is proxy by direct and indirect participation of employees. Five ministries were selected from the population of ministries and agencies using Random Sampling Techniques. Questionnaires were administered to the ministries in the sample size by the researcher. Descriptive statistics and Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient were used as data analysis techniques. Findings revealed that direct and indirect participation of employees have positive and significant relationship with employee promotion and salary. The study concluded that there is positive and significant relationship between employees’ participation and job satisfaction in the Rivers State Civil Service. We recommend that employees should be given due opportunities to participate in management decision making, all barriers that hinder employees’ participation should be removed and employees’ participation should be made an act in the Rivers State Civil Service Commission.

Employee Participation, Job Satisfaction, Rivers State Civil Servant

---

References:

Adhikari, D.R. (2005). Fundamentals of human resource management. 2nd ed. Kathmandu:
Buddha Academic Publishers and Distributors.
Agrawal,G.R. (2005). Organizational Relation in Nepal. Kathmandu: M.K. publisher and
Distributer.
Appelbaum, S., H., & Kamal, R., (2000). An analysis of the utilization and effectiveness of non-
financial incentives in small business. The Journal of Management Development,
19(9)733–763.
Bhatti, K.K. & Qureshi, T. M. (2007). Impact of Employee Participation on Job Satisfaction,
Employee Commitment And Employee Productivity. International Review of Business
Research, 3, (2) 54 – 68.
Brown, D., Mcintosh, S., (2003). Job satisfaction in the lower wage service sector. Appl. Econ.,
35: 1241-1254.
Brunetto, Y., Farr-Wharton, R., (2002). Using social identity theory to explain the job satisfaction
of public sector employees. Int. J. Public Sector Manage., 15 (7): 534-551.
Carlan, P., (2007). The search for job satisfaction. A survey of Alabama policing. Am. J. Criminal
Justice, 32 (1-2), 74-86.
Chen, Z., (2001). Further investigation of the outcomes of loyalty to supervisor. Journal of
Managerial Psychology, 16 (8), 650–660.
Chiu, R., K., & Francesco, A., M., (2003). Dispositional traits and turnover intention".
International Journal of Manpower, 24(3), 284–298.
Cole, R. E., Bacdayan, P. & White, M.J. (1993). Quality, Participation and Competitiveness.
California Management Review, 35(3), 68-81.
Cooke, W.N. (1992). Product Quality Improvement through Employee Participation: The Effects
of Unionization and Joint Union-Management Administration. Industrial & Labor
Relations Review,46 (1), 119–134.
Currall, SC., Towler, AJ., Judge, TA., Kohn, (2005). Pay satisfaction and organizational outcomes.
Personnel Psychol., 58: 613-640.
Drehmer, D. E., Belohlav, J. A. &. Coye, R.W. (2000). An Exploration of Employee Participation
Using a Scaling Approach. Group & Organization Management, 25(4), 397-418.
Ellickson, M., Logsdon, K., (2001). Determinants of job satisfaction of municipal government
employees. State Local Gov. Rev., 33(3), 173-84.
Frye, M. B., (2004). Equity-based compensation for employees. Firm performance and
determinants. J. Finan. Res. 27(6), 31-54.
Gardner, D. G., Dyne, LV., Pierce, JL., (2004). The effects of pay level on organization based self-
esteem and performance. A field study. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol., 77: 307–322.
George, E., Louw, D., Badenhorst G (2008). Job satisfaction among urban secondary-school
teachers in Namibia. South Afr. J. Educ., 28: 135-154.
Gneezy, U., Rustichini, A., (2000). Pay enough or don’t pay at all. Q. J. Econ., 115: 791–810.
Guest, DE., (2004). Flexible employment contracts, the psychological contract and employee
outcomes. An analysis and review of the evidence. Int. J. Manage. Rev., 5/6 (1), 1-19.
Heller, F. (2003). Participation and Power: A Critical Assessment. Applied Psychology: An
International Review, 52, (1),144–163.
Richardson, M., Danford, A., Stewart, P. & Pulignano,V. (2010) Employee participation and
involvement: Experiences of aerospace and automobile employee in the UK and Italy.
European Journal of Industrial Relations, 16, (1), 21-37.
Herzberg, F., (1968). One more time. How do you motivate employees? Harv. Bus. Rev. 46. (1),
53-62.
Kim, S. (2002). Participative Management and Job Satisfaction: Lesson for Management
leadership. Public Administrative Review, 62(2), 231-241.
Ladd, B.S. & Marshall, V. (2004). Participation in decision making: a matter of context? The
Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(8), 646-66.
Lambert, EG., Hogan, NL., Barton, SM., (2001). The impact of job satisfaction on turnover intent:
a test of structural measurement model using a national sample of workers. Soc. Sci. J.,
38: 233-51.
Lavy, V., (2007). Using performance based pay to improve the quality of teachers. Future
Children. 17(1): 87-109.
Lin, C., Kai, KK., (2010). Employee empowerment in a technology advanced work Environment.
Ind. Manage. Data Sys.,110(1), 24-42.
Lischeron, J.A. & Wall, T.D. (1975). Attitudes towards participation among Local Authority
Employees. Human Relations, 28(6), 499-517.
Luthans, F. & Thomas, L. (1989). The relationship between age and job satisfaction: curvilinear
results from an empirical study- a research note. Personnel Review,18(1), 23-26.
Cited in: Adhikari, D.R. (2005). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management. 2nd ed.
Kathmandu: Buddha Academic Publishers and Distributors.
McShane, S.L. (2004). Canadian Organizational Behavior. 5th ed. Toronto: McGraw-Hill
Ryerson.
Misener, T. R.; Haddock, K. Sue; Gleaton, James U.; Abu A., & Rahman, A.(1996). Toward an
International Measure Of Job Satisfaction. Nursing Research. 45 (2), 87-91.
Nguyen, A., Taylor, J., Bradley, S., (2003). Relative Pay and Job Satisfaction. Some New Evidence,
MPRA Paper No 1382.
Okpara, J.O. (2004). Personal characteristics as predictors of job satisfaction. An exploratory study
of IT managers in a developing economy. Inform. Technol. People, 17(3), 327-338.
Opkara, JO., (2002). The Impact of Salary Differential on Managerial Job Satisfaction. A Study
of the Gender Gap and Its Implications for Management Education and Practice in a
Developing Economy. J. Bus. Dev. Nation, 65-92.
Oshagbemi, T., (2000). Gender differences in their job satisfaction of university teachers. Women
in Management Review, 15 (7), 331–343.
Park, HJ., Mitsuhashi, H., Fey, CF., Bjorkman, I., (2003). The effect of human resource
management practices on Japanese MNC subsidiary performance. A practical mediating
model. Int. J. Hum. Res. Manage., 14(8): 1391-1406.
Pearson, C.A.L. (1991). An assessment of extrinsic feedback on participation, role perceptions,
motivation and job satisfaction in a self managed system for monitoring group
achievement. Human Relations,44, (5), 517-37.
Pfeffer, J. (1994). Competitive Advantage through People. Boston: Harvard Business School
Press.
Pors, N., O, (2003). Job satisfaction among library managers: a cross-cultural study of stress,
freedom and job conditions. New Library World, 104, (11/12), 464–473.
Rai, Sumita, (2004). Motivational Theories and Incentives Approaches. IBM Management
Review.
Richardson, M., Danford, A., Stewart,P. & Pulignano,V.(2010). Employee participation and
involvement: Experiences of aerospace and automobile employee in the UK and Italy.
European Journal of Industrial Relations, 16 (1), 21-37.
Robbins, SP., Odendaal, A., Roodt, G., (2003). Organizational behavior (9th ed.) Cape Town.
Prentice-Hall International.
Roelen, CA., Koopmans, PC., Groothoff, JW., (2008). Which work factors determine job
satisfaction? IOS Press. 30: 433-439.
Rotenberry, P. F. &. Moberg, P. J. (2007). Assessing the impact of job involvement on
performance. Management Research News, 30(3), 203-215.
Schermerhorn, J., Hunt, J., Osborn, R., (2005). Organizational Behavior (9th ed.): John Wiley.
New York. NY.
Shrivastava, A. & Purang, P. (2009). Employees Perceptions of Job Satisfaction: Comparative
Study on Indian Banks. Asian Academy of Management Journal14,(2), 65-78.
Silla, I., Gracia, F., Peiro, JM., (2005). Job insecurity and health-related outcomes among different
types of temporary workers. Econ. Ind. Democracy, 26: 89–117.
Sokoya, SK., (2000). Personal Predictors of Job Satisfaction for the Public Sector Manager.
Implications for Management Practice and Development in a Developing Economy. J.
Business in Developing Nations, 6(8), 16-28.
Sousa-Poza, A., (2000). Well-being at work. A cross-national analysis of the levels and
determinants of job satisfaction. J. Socio-Econ., 29(6): 517-538.
Spector, P., (2008). Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Research and Practice, 5th ed.,
John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
Spector, P.E. (1

DOWNLOAD PDF

---

Back