RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (RJPST )
E-ISSN 2579-0536
P-ISSN 2695-2696
VOL. 8 NO. 2 2025
DOI: 10.56201/rjpst.vol.8.no2.2025.pg43.51
Ishiyaku Abubakar Mbela, Shitu Mohammed and Ibrahim Abdullahi Inuwa : EMR, GSM Exposure Level, Markets, Health Risk and Power Density ,
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) has become a concern with the proliferation of mobile communication technologies. This study measures the radiation levels in GSM market (Shopping complex) and Jimeta Ultra-Modern market (Convectional market) and compared the results of both the two market with international standard limit. The data was collected using high-precision electromagnetic field strength meter RS-230 BGO Super-SPEC Handheld Gamma-Ray Spectrometer and GM 3120 Electromagnetic Radiation Digital LCD Detector Instrument which Calibrated to measure frequency ranges between 0.3 MHz and 3 GHz.This study underscores the need for vigilance in monitoring EMR levels in GSM markets. While conventional markets exhibit relatively low exposure, the high levels in GSM markets pose potential risks to human health and the environment. Adherence to regulatory guidelines and proactive policy measures are crucial to mitigating these risks. In relation to health risks Chronic exposure to EMR has been linked to potential health effects such as headaches, fatigue, and, in some cases, carcinogenic effects. Also, the environmental impact like Continuous high radiation levels can affect local ecosystems, particularly birds and insects.
EMR, GSM Exposure Level, Markets, Health Risk and Power Density
Abdelati M. (2005) Electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone base stations at Gaza. Islamic
Univ Gaza (Nat Sci Ser) 2005;13:129-46.
Ahaneku, M.A; Nzeako, A.N (2012): ‘GSM Base Station Radiation Level: A Case Study of
University of Nigeria Environment’. Publication in International Journal of Scientific
Technology and Research, vol.1, issue 8.pp. 102 – 107
Baltrenas, P., & Kazlauskien?, A. (2020). Impact of urban electromagnetic radiation on public
health. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 28(2), 99-
109
Belpomme, D., Hardell, L., & Irigaray, P. (2020). Mechanisms of carcinogenesis induced by
electromagnetic fields. International Journal of Oncology, 56(3), 651-665.
Cucurachi, S., et al. (2013). Review of electromagnetic radiation effects on wildlife. Science
of the Total Environment, 445-446, 150-160.
Ekata G, and Kostanic I. (2014) Model for monitoring GSM base station radiation safety in
Nigeria. Int J Eng Res Appl 2014;4:97-104.
Felix OK, Gabriel AU, Emmanuel AC. (2014) Investigation and analysis on electromagnetic
radiation from cellular base station transmitters and the implications to human body. J
Environ Ecol 2014;5:46- 60.
Gupta M. (2019). Specific Absorption Rate and temperature change evaluation of human body
due to electromagnetic waves. International Journal of Electronics Engineering,
11(1):216-220.
Gye, M. and Park, C. (2012). Effect of electromagnetic field exposure on the reproductive
system. Journal of clinical and experimental reproductive medicine, 39(1):1-9.
Hardell, L., & Carlberg, M. (2013). Using the Hill viewpoints from 1965 for evaluating
strengths of evidence of the risk for brain tumors associated with use of mobile phones.
Reviews on Environmental Health, 28(2-3), 97-106.
Hossain, M. I., & Ahmed, T. (2017). Assessment of EMR levels near GSM base stations in
urban areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,
14(10), 1234.
Hyland, G.J. The Physiological and Environmental effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic
radiation. European Parliament, Bruxelles, March, 2001.
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). (2020). Guidelines
for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2011). Classification of radiofrequency
electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans.
Jibiri NN, Onoja EP, Akomolafe IR. (2019) Radio frequency
Research Journal of Pure Science and Technology E-ISSN 2579-0536 P-ISSN 2695-2696
Vol 8. No. 2 2025 www.iiardjournals.org Online version
IIARD – International Institute of Academic Research and Development
Page 51
nonionizing radiation exposure burdens to the population at major market centers in Ibadan
metropolis, Nigeria. Radiat Prot Environ 2019;42:84-9.
Kaur, J. and Khan S. (2012) Thermal changes in human abdomen exposed to microwaves: a
model study. Journal of Advanced Electromagnetic, 8(3):64-75.
Kundi M, Hutter HP; (2013) Mobile Base Station – Effects on wellbeing and health’’Institute
of Environmental Health, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna,
Kinderspitalgasse 15, A – 1095 Vienna, Austra. www.nccb.nim.nih.gov.2013
Kraus, J.D and Fleisch, D.A: (1999) Electromagnetics with Applications, McGraw-Hill, 5th
Edition, 1999.
Mamilus A. Ahaneku1 Anthony A. Nzeako2 Nwawelu N. Udora (2015) Investigation of
Electromagnetic Radiations by GSM Base Stations in Nigeria for Compliance Testing;
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X
(Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.47, 2015
McIntosh, R. Anderson, V. and McKenzie, R. (2005). A numerical evaluation of SAR
distribution and temperature changes around a metallic plate in the head of a RF
exposed worker, Bioelectromagnetics, 26(5):377-388.
Miller, A. B., Morgan, L. L., & Udasin, I. (2018). Cancer epidemiology update, following the
2011 IARC evaluation of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (Monograph 102).
Environmental Research, 167, 673-683
Nwankwo VU, Jibiri NN, Dada SS, Onugba AA, Ushie P. (2012) Assessment of
radio-frequency radiation exposure level from selected mobile base stations (MBS) in
Lokoja, Kogi state, Nigeria. IOSR J Appl Phys 2012;3:48-55
P. Stewart, (2000) "The Mobile Phone System and Health Effects", Australian Radiation
Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, 8 June 2000, pp. 323-331.
Pozar, D.M. (2005) Microwave Engineering, John Wiley and Sons, Inc .3rd Edition, 2005.
Sinik, V. Despotovic, Z. Ketin, S. and Marceta, U. (2019). Radiation of high frequency
electromagnetic fields, biological effects and health consequences. Paper presented at:
IX International Conference Industrial Engineering and Environmental Protection;
October 3-4, 2019, Zrenjanin, Serbia.
World Health Organization. (2018). Electromagnetic fields and public health: Mobile phones.
Retrieved from (link unavailable)