IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (IJEFM )

E-ISSN 2545-5966
P-ISSN 2695-1932
VOL. 9 NO. 5 2024
DOI: 10.56201/ijefm.v9.no5.2024.pg97.120

---

Poverty and Security Situation in Nigeria

USIFOH Kingsley Stanley and Assoc. Prof Michael Baghebo

---

Abstract

The widespread issue of poverty and security in Nigeria has become overwhelming for both the government and the citizens. This challenging situation has worsened the conditions of individuals living in abundance, significantly impacting the nation's progress. This study explored the relationship between poverty and security conditions in Nigeria. Specifically, it examined how the poverty rate, political stability index, unemployment rate, and inflation rate correlate with the security risks index in Nigeria from 1991 to 2022. The research employed the Augmented Dickey- Fuller (ADF) tests, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique, as well as stability and diagnostic tests due to the nature of the variables used for estimation. The findings revealed that the poverty rate has a negative but significant correlation with the security threats index. Similarly, the political stability index shows a negative but insignificant correlation with the security threats index. Additionally, there is a strong and clear correlation between the inflation rate and the security risks index in Nigeria. Conversely, the unemployment rate coefficient shows a positive and significant correlation with the threats index in Nigeria. Therefore, it is essential for the government to enhance physical security measures nationwide by implementing robust security infrastructure and enforcing stringent punishments for those who violate security protocols. This underscores the need for the government to take proactive measures to address security challenges and threats. These strategies should include providing training, utilizing modern intelligence gathering techniques, sharing intelligence, managing logistics, and deploying contemporary technologies to effectively address security issues.

keywords:

Poverty rate, security threats index, political stability index, unemployment rate,

---

References:

Abati, R. (2006). A flawed democracy. Retrieved from http://www.dawodu.com/abati.htm.

Abubakar M. (2020). We’ve pulled out of peace agreement with bandits. Premium Times.

Retrieved
23
February
2022,
from
https://www.

premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/395913-weve-pulled-out-from-peace-agreement-

with-bandits-katsina-governor.html

ACCORD (2021). Understanding the herder-farmer conflict in Nigeria – ACCORD. [online]

Available
at:

farmer-conflict-in-nigeria/?msclkid=53773d8ad14211ecb29ba22b60db36ff>
[Accessed

11 May 2022].

Adebumti, A. (2021). Taming menace of cultism in primary, secondary schools | The Guardian

Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. [online] The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria

and World News. Available at:
in-primary-secondary-schools/> [Accessed 24 March 2022].

Adegoke, N., (2015). Youth unemployment and security challenges in Nigeria. Asian Journal of

Humanities and Social Studies, 3(1), 13-22

Adekunle, S.B. & Alokpa, M.F. (2018). An appraisal of the Nigeria economic recovery and

growth plan, 2017-2020. African Research Review 12(3):25

Adibe, J., (2017). Separatist agitations in Nigeria: Causes and trajectories. [online]

Iosrjournals.org. Available at:
Issue3/Series-7/C1103072132.pdf> [Accessed 3 April 2022].

Ajibola, J. (2020). Cultism in Nigeria [Causes, Consequences, and Solutions] | Info, Guides, and

How-tos.. [online] Explain.com. Available at:
nigeria-causes-consequences-and-solutions/> [Accessed 23 March 2022].

Ajayi, W. (2023). Nigeria’s security challenges: The social perspective. thecable.ng

Akpoghome, T. and Adikaibe, E., 2019. Herdsmen and farmers conflict in nigeria: a quest for

paradigm shift. [online] Oer. biu.edu.ng. Available at:
content/uploads/2020/02/HERDSMEN_AND_FARMERS_CONFLICT_IN_NIGERIA_-

_ Theresa.pdf> [Accessed 12 May 2022].

allAfrica.com (2021). Nigeria: ISWAP Currently Collecting Taxes in Borno. Retrieved 23

February
2022,
from
https://allafrica.com/sto

ries/202111150018.html#:~:text=Farmers%20and%20other%20residents%20of,Daily%2

0Trust%20has%20reliably%20gathered

Alozie, C. (2022). Police raid suspected ESN camps, kill 3 commanders, arrest 9 in Imo.

Vanguard.
Retrieved
23
February
2022,
from

https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/02/police-raid-suspected-esn-camps-kill-3-

commanders-arrest-9-in-imo

Amina, B.Z.J. & Ibrahim, S.G. (2020). Impact of poverty on Nigerian youths and security

dilemma: A theoretical approach. African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities

Research, 3(5), 1-7

Awojobi, O. N. (2014). Poverty and insecurity in Nigerian democratic dispensation.

International Journal of Innovative Research & Development, 3(6), 357-365.

Banerjee, A., Dolado, J., Galbraith, W. & Hendry, F. (1993). Cointegration, Error-Correction and

the Econometric Analysis of None-Stationary Data. Advanced Text in Econometrics,

Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Banerjee, A., Dolado, J.J. & Mestre, R. (1998). Error?correction mechanism tests for

cointegration in a single?equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 193(3),

267-283.

Binuyo, B. O. (2014). Impact of poverty reduction programme on economic development:

Evidence from Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 4(1), 44-
Brotem, L. (2021). The Growing Complexity of Farmer-Herder Conflict in| West and Central

Africa – Africa Center for Strategic Studies. [online] Africa Center for Strategic Studies.

Retrieved 23 February 2022, from https://africacenter.org/publication/growing-complexi

ty-farmer-herder-conflict-west-central-africa

Campbell, J. & Quinn, N. (2021). What’s Behind Growing Separatism in Nigeria? [online]

Council on Foreign Relations. Available at:
growing-separatism-nigeria> [Accessed 3 April 2022].

Council on Foreign Relations (2022). Nigeria’s unitary federalism. [online] Available at:

[Accessed 23 May 2022].

Council on Foreign Relations. (2021). Boko Haram in Nigeria. Global Conflict Tracker.

Retrieved
23
February
2022,
from
https://www.cfr.
org/global-conflict

tracker/conflict/boko-haram-nigeria

Crisis Group (2017.) Herders against Farmers: Nigeria’s Expanding Deadly Conflict. [online]

Available
at:
africa/west-africa/nigeria/252-herders-

against-farmers-nigerias-expanding-deadly-conflict> [Accessed 24 March 2022].

Crisis Group (2018). Stopping Nigeria’s Spiralling Farmer-Herder Violence. Retrieved 23

February
2022,
from
https://www.crisisgroup.
org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/262-

stopping-nigerias-spiralling-farmer-herder-violence

Daniel, O. (2021). Climate change and farmers-herders conflict in Nigeria. [online] New

Security Beat. Available at:
farmers-herders-conflict-

nigeria/#:~:text=Regional%20factors%20in%20Nigeria’s%20farmer%2D

herder%20conflict&text=The%20study%20says%20that%20activities,and%20water%20

access%20for%20livestock.> [Accessed 5 August 2022].

Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time

Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47, 427-431

Dollard, J., Miller, N. E., Doob, L. W., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and

aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Draman, R. (2003). Democratizing Security for a Safer World: What Role for Parliamentarians?

Discussion Paper for Africa-Canada Parliamentary Dialogue, Parliament Buildings,

Ottawa Duze C.

Ebuta, U. (2018). Understanding the Herder-Farmer Conflict in Nigeria – ACCORD. Retrieved

23 February 2022, from https://www.accord. org.za/conflict-trends/understanding-the-

herder-farmer-conflict-in-nigeria/

Engle, R. & Granger, C. (1987). Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation

and Testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276.

Ezeikpe, I. (2018). View of extra-judicial killings and political crisis in Nigeria’s fourth republic.

Retrieved
23
March
2022,
from

https://journals.aphriapub.com/index.php/SS/article/view/652/634

Granger, C.W.J. & Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of

Econometrics, 2, 111-120.

Granville, C. (2020). The impact of boko haram insurgency on the people of Borno State.

[online]
Scholar
Works.
Available
at:

scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/8896/> [Accessed 10 May 2022].

Gujarati, D. N. & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-

Hill/Irwin.

Gurr, T. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Hamza, M. (2021). Remote causes of banditry. Dailytrust. Retrieved 22 March 2022, from

https://dailytrust.com/remote-causes-of-banditry

Huitema, B. & Laraway. S. (2006). Autocorrelation. In encyclopedia of measurement and

statistics vol. 1, edited by Neil J. Salkind. Washington DC: SAGE Publications.

Iheagwam, N.C., Iheagwam, F.N. & Oni, S.O. (2020). Millenial outlook on poverty and its

consequence on human security in Nigeria. 4th International Conference on Science and

Sustainable Development (ICSSD 2020), 1-8

Isola, O. (2022). Herdsmen and farmers conflict in Nigeria: A threat to peacebuilding and

human
security
in
West
Africa.
Africa
U

DOWNLOAD PDF

---

Back