IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES (IJCCP )

E-I SSN 2545-5265
P- ISSN 2695-1916
VOL. 10 NO. 1 2024
DOI: 10.56201/ijccp.v10.no1.2024.pg22.60

---

Characterisation of Raw and Recovered Electronic Waste Metal Oxides from Computer Village, Ogbunabali, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Gbarakoro, S. L., Konne, J. L., Boisa, N. and Bull, O. S.

---

Abstract

Electronic wastes such as batteries, cell phones, laptops, radios and televisions obtained from electronic shops and dumpsites in Port Harcourt, Nigeria were dismantled, crushed, incinerated, pulverized, sieved and extracted. The powdered and dried e-waste samples as well as metal oxides found in both raw and recovered e-wastes were characterized using appropriate methods. The XRD patterns showed the major mineral phases as quartz, alumina, alumina, calcite, quartz, quartz, quartz, cassiterite, quartz and quartz for raw samples respectively and halite, vallerite, manganite, thenardite, calcium hydroxide, chalcopyrite, gibbsite, sylvine sodian, and gibbsite for recovered samples respectively. The SEM micrographs demonstrated noticeable morphological differences among the samples. The surface morphology also showed smaller particle sizes as well as large particle sizes of 20µm. The results of FTIR confirmed the finger print regions of the major mineral phases. The EDXRD analysis for composition of metal oxides showed SnO2 (5.30%), Al2O3, (27.87%), Al2O3, (14.22 %), CaO (23.41 %), CuO (52.47 %), Fe2O3 (14.31 %), Co3O4 (56.37 %), SnO2 (11.44 %), Co3O4 (7.74 %) and Fe2O3 (17.12 %) as the highest metal oxides for raw samples and Al2O3, (10.85 %), Fe2O3 (26.96 %), CuO (66.89 %), CaO (17.39 %), Co3O4 (26.70 %), Co3O4 (45.77 %), Fe2O3 (10.39 %), Al2O3, (63.67 %), MgO (4.92 %), and Al2O3 (29.68 %), as the highest metal oxides for recovered samples .Some metal oxides that were found in the raw components were found to be absent or non-crystalline in the recovered compounds. The characterization of e-waste components could be conducted in order to reveal the correlation between toxic substances in e-waste and recovery (treatment) strategies.

Characterisation, Metal Oxides, E-waste, XRD, EDXRF

---

References:

Abalansa, S., Mahrad, B. E., Icely, J. and Newton, A. (2021). Electronic Waste, An
Environmental Problem Exported to Developing Countries: The Good, The Bad and The
Ugly, Sustainability, 13: 1-24.
Agbaei, M., Imani, M. and Tadjarodi, A. (2020). Preparation of Cu4SnS4/CuCo2S4
Nanaparticles Using Combustion Reaction Accelerated by Organic Driving Agents under
Microwave Irradiation, Chemistry Proceedings Presented at the 24th International
Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry, 15th November-15th December,
2020; Available Online: https;//ecsoc-24.sciforum.net/.
Ajiboye, A. E, Olasehinde, F. E, Adebayo, O. A, Ajayi, O. J, Ghosh,,M. K and Basu,, S. (2019).
Extraction of Copper and Zinc from Waste Printed Circuit Boards, Recycling, 4, 36, 1-13.
Alzate, A., Lopez, M. E., Serna, C. and Gonzalez, O. (2016). Gold Recovery from Electronic
Waste by Pressure Oxidation. Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress on Mechanical,
Chemical and Material Engineering (MCM’16) Budapest, Hungary, August 22nd
-23rd
,
2016.
Antao, S. M., Hassan, I. Wang, J. Lee, P. L. and Toby, B. H. (2008). State-of-the-art HighResolution Powder X-ray Diffraction (HRPXRD) illustrated with Rietveld Structure
Refinement of Quartz, Sodalite, Tremolite, and Meionite, The Canadian Mineralogist, 48
(6),1501-1509.
Arslan, Y., Kenduzler, E., Adiguzel, V. T. and Tomul, F. (2019). The Effect of Synthesis
Conditions on Calcium Silicate, Bioceramic Materials, Suleyman Demirel University
Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 23 (3), 727-737.Ashok, C., Rao, K. V. and Chakra, C. S. (2014). Structural Analysis of CuO Nanomaterials
Prepared by Novel Microwave Assisted Method, Journal of Atoms and Molecules, 4 (5),
803-806.
Baniasadi, M., Graves, J. E., Ray, D. A., De Silva, A. L., Renshaw, D. and Farnaud, S. (2020).
Closed-Loop Recycling of Copper from Waste Printed Circuit Boards Using Bio-leaching
and Electro-winning Processes. Waste and Bio-mass Valorization, (In-press). Available
online: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01128-9 (accessed on 5th September,
2020).
Beaulieu, L. Y., Beattie, S. D., Hatchrd, T. and Dahn, J. R. (2003). The electrochemical reaction
of Lithium with Tin Studied by In Situ AFM, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 150
(4), 266-270.
Borthakur, A. (2016). International Perspectives/Special Report: Health and Environmental
Hazards of Electronic Waste in India. Journal of Environmental Health, 78: 18- 23.
Davis, G. and Heart, S. (2008). Electronic Waste: The Local Government Perspective in
Queensland, Australia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52, 1031-1039.
Debnath, B., Roychowdhury, P. and Kundu, R. (2016). Electronic Components Reuse and
Recycling. A New Approach towards WEEE Management. Procedia Environmental
Sciences, 35, 656-668.
Deng, X., Chen, R., Zhuo, S. Zhou, G.and Shi, Y. (2019). Bioleaching Characteristics of Heavy
Metals from Polluted Soil with Indigenous Aspergillus niger F2, Journal of Biobased
Materials and Bioenergy, 13 (30), 401-409.
Ewuim, S. C., Akunne, C.E., Abajue, M. C., Nwankwo, E. N. and Faniran, O. J. (2014).
Challenges of E-waste Pollution to Soil Environments in Nigeria – A Review. Animal
Research International, 11 (2), 1976-1981.
Feng-Hua, C., Chang-Wei, G., Yan-Ping, G., Min-Gang, Z. and Yue-Sheng, C. (2014).
Martensitic Transformation and Giant Magnetic Entropy Change in Ni42.8Mn40.3Co
5.7Sn11.2 Alloy, Chinese Physics B, 23 (6), 1-6.
Gao, T. and Liu, X. (2017). Morphological Evolution and Strengthening Behaviour of ?-Al (Fe,
Mn) Si in Al-6Si-2Fe-xMn Alloys. Results in Physics, 7, 1051-1054.
Gogebakan, M., Avar, B. and Uzun, O. (2009). Quasicrystalline Phase Formation in the
Conventionally Solidified Al-Cu-Fe System, Materials Science-Poland, 27 (3), 919-926.Gu, Y., Wu, Y., Xu, M., Mu, X. and Zuo, T. (2016). Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Recycling for a Sustainable Resource Supply in the Electronics
Industry in China. J. Clean. Prod., 127, 331-338.
Guan, M., Hu, Y., Zheng, T., Zhao, T. and Pan, F. (2018). Composition, Optimization and
Mechanical Properties of Mg-Al-Sn-Mn Alloys by Orthogonal Design, Materials, 11,
1424, 1-17.
Hiraga, R., Gomes, O. D. F. M., and Neumann, R. (2021). Maghemite in Brazilian Iron Ores:
Quantification of the Magnetite-Maghemite Isomorphic Series by X-ray Diffraction and
the Rietveld Method, and Confirmation by Independent Methods, Minerals, 11, (346), 1-
19.
Hou, J., Luo, W., Luo, S., Lin, C., Liu, P., Liao, X., Jing, F. and Li, X. (2017). Facile Synthesis
of CuMAI (M=G, Mn, Zn and Co) with Highly Dispersed Cu and Tailorable Surface
Acidity for Efficient 2-Methylpyrazine Synthesis. Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 7,
48662-48669.
Isildar, A., Hullebusch, E. D. V., Lenz, M., Laing, G. D., Marra, A., Cesaro, A., Panda, S., Akcil,
A., Kucuker, M. A. and Kuchta, K. (2019). Biotechnological Strategies for the
Recovery of Valuable and Critical Raw Materials from Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE)-A Review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 362: 467-481.
John, C. F., Paul, R. C., Singh, S. C. E., Jacobjose, J., Ramkumar, T., Hikku, G. S. , Sharma, R.
K. and Sengottuvel, P. (2018). Corrosion Behaviour of ZrC Particles Reinforcement with
Al-12Si Composites by Weight Loss Method using Acidic Media, Bulletin of the Polish
Academy of Sciences, Technical Sciences, 66 (1), 1-16.
Karipoth, P., Thirumurugan, A., Velaga, S., Creneche, J. and Joseyphus, R. J. (2016). Magnetic
Properties of FeCo Alloy Nanoparticles Synthesized through Instant Chemical Reduction,
Journal of Applied Physics, 120 (12), 123906.
Kaur, K. and Pandey, O. P. (2013). High Temperature Sliding Wear of Spray-Formed SolidLubricated Aluminum Matrix Composites, Journal of Materials Engineering and
Performance, 22, 3101-3110.
Khaliq, A., Rhamdhani, M. A., Brooks, G. and Massod, S. (2014). Metal Extraction
Australian Perspective. Resources, 3, 152-179.
Kim, Y., Seo, H. and Roh, Y. (2018). Metal Recovery from the Mobile Phone Waste by
Chemical and Biological Treatments. Minerals, 8 (8), 1-10.Kolencik, M., Urik, M., Cernansky, S., Molnarova, M. and Matus, P. (2013). Leaching of
Zinc, Cadmium, Lead and Copper from Electronic Scrap Using Organic Acids and the
Aspergillus Niger Strain. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22 (120), 3673-3679.
Konne,J. L. and Christopher, B. O. (2017). Sol-Gel Syntheses of Zinc Oxide and Hydrogenated
Zinc Oxide (ZnO:H) Phasas, Hindawi Journal of Nanotechnology, 1-8.
http://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5219850.
Mishra, B. and Lee, H. (2018). Selective Recovery and Separation of Copper and Iron from Fine
Materials of Electronic Waste Processing. Mineral Engineering, 123:1-7.
Lopez, S .Y. R., Rodriguez, J. S. and Sueyoshi, S. S. (2006). Low Temperature Formation of Alpha
Alumina Powders via Metal Organic Synthesis, The Azo Journal of Materials Online, 2,
1-6.
Lopez-Juarez, R., Razo-Perez, N., Perez-Juache, T. J., Hernandez-Cristobal, O. and Reyes-Lopez,
S. Y. (2018). Synthesis of ?-Al2O3 from Aluminum Cans by Wet-Chemical Methods,
Results in Physics, 11, 1075-1079.
Madheshiya, A., Kumar, S. and Gautam, C. R. (2017). Synthesis, Structural and X-ray Absorption
Spectroscopy of (PbxxBi1-x), TiO3 Borosilicate Glass and Glass Ceramics, Journal of
Asian Ceramic Societies, 248, 1-9.
Magalini, F. U., Kuehr, R. U. and Balde, C. P. U. (2015). E-waste in Latin America; United
Nations University, Tokyo, Japan, pp.37.
Nilchi, A., Dehaghan, T. S. and Garmarodi, S. R. (2013). Kinetics, Isotherm and
Thermodynamics for Uranium and Thorium Ions Adsorption from Aqueos Solutions by
Crystalline Tin Oxide Nanoparticles, Desalination, 321, 67-71.
Nyamjargal, L., Batdemberel, G., Burmaa, G. and Burmaa, D. (2018). Effect of Roasting
Temperature for Copper Leaching of Sulfide Concentrate by Combined Methods. Open
Journal of Applied Sciences, 8, 545-553.
Ongondo, F. O., Williams, I. D. and Cherrett, T. J. (2011). How is WEEE doing? A Global
Review of the Management of Electrical and Electronic Wastes, Waste Manag.,
31: 714-730.

DOWNLOAD PDF

---

Back