IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development

IIARD International Journal of Economics and Business Management (IJEBM )

E-ISSN 2489-0065
P-ISSN 2695-186X
VOL. 6 NO. 4 2020

---

The Changing Pattern of International Trade: Import Substitution Policy and Digital Economy in Nigeria. A Review

Shuaib, Kabir Musa

---

Abstract

The study examined the effect of collective bargaining on conflict resolution in organizations ( A Study of Juhel Pharmaceutical Company, Enugu, Enugu State) Sixty (60) questionnaire were distributed to management and staff of Juhel Pharmaceutical Company, descriptive survey approach was adopted and analyzed using regressions, The findings indicated that (i) There was significant and positive relationship between collective bargaining and conflict resolution between management and workers in the Company. (ii) There was significant and positive relationship between sex and conflict resolution in the Company. iii) There was positive and significant relationship between age and conflict resolution in Juhel Pharmaceutical Company. The study thus concluded that collective bargaining was a means of regulating relations between management and employees and for settling disputes between them. The study recommended among others that; Organizations or groups of employees should seek to reconcile their conflicting goals through mutual accommodation thereby reaching a collective agreement that regulates terms and conditions of employment.

keywords:

Digital markets, Economic growth, Import substitution policy, International trade.

---

References:

Adams, S., (2009). Foreign direct investment, domestic investment, and economic growth in
Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Policy Modelling, 31(6), 939–949.

Adewale, A. R., (2017). Import substitution industrialization and economic growth –
Evidence from the group of BRICS countries, Future Business Journal, 3(2017), 138-
158.

Alhassan, R., (2020, 11 March). Economic diversification: we must act now. Daily Nigerian
Newspaper, published online.

Anushree, A. (2000). Import Substitution and Export Promotion, Economics. Retrieved from
http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/economic- (Accessed on 29/2/2020).

Asu, F., (2020, March 4), South Africa enters recession, again Nigeria emerges Africa’s
biggest economy. Punch Newspaper, published online at punchng.com.

Chervinski, Y. A., (2015). Import Substitution Policy: Concepts, Methods of Analysis and
Main Areas for Improvement. Research result. Sociology and Management, 1(2),
http://rrsociology.ru/en/journal/article (Accessed on 17/2/2020)

De Souza, P.J.A., Burlamaqui, L., & Barbosa-Filho, H.N. (2005). Institutional Changes and
Economic Transformation in Brazil, 1945–2004: From industrial catching-up to
financial fragility. Available at http://www.anpec.org.br/encontro2005/artigos/A05A064.pdf (Accessed on
4/3/2020).

Dhlamini, P. H. (2014). Modernization Theory versus Dependency Theory. Retrieved from
Academia.edu:
http://www.academia.edu/4605873/modernization_theory_versus_dependenct_theory

Ernst & Young: Nigeria. (2018). Growth and Employment Project (GEM): Digital Economy
Industry Value Chain.

Fitzgerald, M., (2020, 25 February). Coronavirus wipes out $1.7 trillion in US stock market
value in two days. CNBC online News. https://cnbc.com

GSMA (2015). Digital inclusion and the role of mobile in Nigeria, Deloitte, October 2015.
Retrieved from www.gsma.com/digitalinclusion (Accessed on 8/3/2020).

Hassan, M., (2020, 10 March). Dwindling oil revenue: Nigerian government should’ve
pegged 2020 budget on $35pb-Expert. Retrieved from Daily Nigerian online news.

Helpman, E. 1981. “International Trade in the Presence of Product Differentiation Economies
of Scale and Monopolistic Competition: A Chamberlinean Heckscher-Ohlin
Approach.” Journal of International Economics 11, 305–40.

Helpman, E. 1984. “Increasing Returns, Imperfect Markets and Trade Theory.” in R.W.
Jones and P.B. Kenen (eds.), Handbook of International Economics, Vol I.
Amsterdam: North Holland.

Hill, C. W.L. (2014). International business: Competing in the global marketplace (10th
Edition). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Lawal, E. O. & Ezeuchenne, K. (2017). International Trade and Economic Growth in Nigeria.
Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22(6), 35-43

Leidong, T. A., (2019). Nigeria’s border closure has implications for Africa’s economic
integration. The conversation, http://theconversation.com/nigerias-border-closure-has-
implications-for-africas-economic-integration-125592 (Accessed on 14/2/2020).

Liedong, T. A., (2019, October 19). Nigeria’s border closure has implications for Africa’s
economic integration, The Conversation. Retrieved from
http://theconversation.com/nigerias-border-closure (Accessed on 5/3/2020).

Martin, W., (2003). Developing Countries’ Changing Participation in World Trade. The
World Bank Research Observer, 18(2), (Fall 2003), 187–203

McAvoy, J., (2015). Modernization Theory and Dependency Theory: Opposing Outlooks on
Development. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/9498549/Modernization_Theory_and
National Bureau of Statistics (NBSa, 2020), Nigerian Gross Domestic Product Report (Q4 &
Full Year 2019). Federal Republic of Nigeria.

National Bureau of Statistics, (NBSb 2020). Foreign Trade in Goods Statistics Report (Q4
2020): Federal Republic of Nigeria.

Nigerian Annual Trade Policy Report, NATPOR, (2018). 2017 Nigerian Annual Trade Policy
Report: Trade for Modernization, Growth and Job Creation. Nigerian Office for Trade
Negotiations (NOTN), Abuja-Nigeria.

Okafor, P., (2018, July 17). Nigeria’s digital economy to generate $88bn by 2021. Vanguard
Newspaper. www.vanguardngr.com/2018/07/nigerias-digital-economy-to-generate-
88bn-by-2021/ . (Accessed on 9/3/2020).

Paul, E., (2019, October 28). Ministry of Communications and Digital Economy: What’s in a
name change? Techpoint.africa, https://techpoint.africa/2019/10/28/ministry-
communications-digital-economy/ (Accessed on 9/3/2020).

Riad, N. Errico, L. Henn, C. Saborowski, C. Saito, M. & Turunen, J., (2012). Changing
Patterns of Global Trade. Strategy, Policy, and Review Department, International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.

Ricardo, D. (1951). “On Foreign Trade.” in P. Sraffa and M.H. Dobb (eds.), “The Works and
Correspondence of David Ricardo,” 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Ricardo, D., (1817), On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, John Murray,
London.

Rice, M. (2012, November 29). International Development Degree - Compare and contrast
modernization theory and dependency theory, what if anything do they have in
common? Retrieved from tumble. Archives:
http://mjrice.tumblr.com/post/36845460530/formative-essay-compare-and-contrast-
modernisation

Robinson, R., (2020). Trade between developed and developing countries. Encyclopaedia
Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/international-trade/ (Accessed on
27/2/2020).

Sanusi L. S. (2010). Banks in Nigeria and National Economic Development; A Critical
review, seminar on becoming an economic driver while applying banking regulation,
CIBN, Lagos.

Shafaeddin, M., (2006). Towards an alternative perspective on trade and industrial policies.
Development and Change, 36(6), 1143–1162.

Shimelse Ali, B. S., (2009). Developing Countries Changing the World of Trade. Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2009/11/19/
(Accessed on 17/2/2020).

Smith, A. 1986 [1776]. The Wealth of Nations. London: Penguin Books.

Sugihara, K. (2007). Labor-intensive Industrialization in Global History. Center for
Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies No. 1.

The Punch (2018, 28 June). Exploring the impacts of digital transformation on Nigerian
economy. The Punch Newspaper, published online. Retrieved from
https://punchng.com/exploring-the-impacts-of-digital-transformation-on-nigerian-
economy/ (Accessed on 16/3/2020).

The World Bank Group: Nigeria (2019). NIGERIA: Digital Economy Diagnostic Report,
Washington, DC 20433. www.worldbankgroup.org (Accessed on 6/3/2020).

UNCTADa (2019). Key Statistics and Trends in International Trade 2008. United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, Switzerland.

UNCTADb (2019). Value creation and capture: implications for developing countries. Digital
Economy Report 2019, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,
Geneva, Switzerland.

World Bank (2017). “Doing Business, Equal,” Opportunity for All. Retrieved from
http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2017 . (Accessed
21/2/2020).

World Trade Organization, (2016), “Trade finance and SMEs: Bridging the gaps in provision,
(WTO). https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/tradefinsme_e.pdf (Accessed on
21/2/2020).

Yakubu, M., (2020, 4 March). Coronavirus: Nigeria may review 2020 budget-FG. Solacebase
online news media. https://solacebase.com

DOWNLOAD PDF

---

Back